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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Δόση θυρεοειδούς αδένα ασθενούς σε εξετάσεις οισοφαγογραφήματος / Patient thyroid radiation dose, during esophagogram examinations

Λαδία, Αρσενόη 20 September 2010 (has links)
Δοσιμετρία είναι ο κλάδος της επιστήμης που ασχολείται με τις μετρήσεις ιοντιζουσών ακτινοβολιών, με σκοπό την ποσοτική έκφραση της σχέσης μεταξύ των χαρακτηριστικών ενός πεδίου ακτινοβόλησης και του αποτελέσματος της ακτινοβόλησης ενός συστήματος. Η δοσιμετρία συνεισφέρει σημαντικά σε όσες επιστήμες κάνουν χρήση ιοντιζουσών ακτινοβολιών, και ιδιαίτερα στο χώρο της Ιατρικής, απ’ όπου και πρωτοξεκίνησε η εφαρμογή της. Υπάρχουν πολλές μέθοδοι δοσιμετρίας, και φυσικά, πολλά διαφορετικά είδη δοσιμέτρων. Στη συγκεκριμένη εργασία θα ασχοληθούμε αποκλειστικά με τη δοσιμετρία θερμοφωταύγειας. Το φαινόμενο της θερμοφωταύγειας βρίσκει πρακτική εφαρμογή στη δοσιμετρία ιοντιζουσών ακτινοβολιών με τη συλλογή των οπτικών φωτονίων που εκπέμπονται κατά την αποδιέγερση του θερμοφωταυγάζοντος υλικού, που χρησιμοποιείται. Η μέθοδος της θερμοφωταύγειας αποτελεί την πιο αξιόπιστη μέθοδο για την μέτρηση δόσεων ακτινοβολίας από ιατρικές εξετάσεις. Οι εφαρμογές της δοσιμετρίας θερμοφωταύγειας στην Ιατρική αφορούν κυρίως μετρήσεις της απορροφούμενης δόσεως στην Ακτινοθεραπεία και την Ακτινοδιαγνωστική, ενώ εφαρμόζεται σε μικρότερο βαθμό και στην Πυρηνική Ιατρική. Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας είναι η μέτρηση δόσεων ασθενών, που υποβάλλονται σε ακτινοδιαγνωστικές εξετάσεις, με τη βοήθεια κρυστάλλων θερμοφωταύγειας. Στην Ακτινοδιαγνωστική, η ανάγκη της δοσιμέτρησης προκύπτει από τις επιταγές της Ακτινοπροστασίας, η οποία απαιτεί τη μικρότερη δυνατή δόση στον ασθενή και το προσωπικό, με την καλύτερη δυνατή ποιότητα απεικόνισης. Κι η ανάγκη αυτή γίνεται πιο επιτακτική, όταν οι ακτινοδιαγνωστικές εξετάσεις αφορούν νεογνά και μικρά παιδιά, καθώς και συγκεκριμένες ομάδες του πληθυσμού που χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλό βαθμό ακτινοευαισθησίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, καλούμαστε να υπολογίσουμε την δόση που λαμβάνουν ασθενείς στον θυροειδή αδένα, όταν υποβάλλονται σε εξέταση οισοφαγογραφήματος που πραγματοποιούνται προκειμένου να ελεγχθεί η φυσιολογία και η λειτουργία του πεπτικού συστήματος. Παράλληλα, καλούμαστε να εκτιμήσουμε τον τυχόν κίνδυνο καρκινογένεσης, λόγω των στοχαστικών αποτελεσμάτων της ακτινοβολίας, έπειτα από συσχέτιση με την τιμή της απορροφούμενης δόσης που προκύπτει. / --
2

Determinação de grandezas dosimétricas de interesse em mamografia usando detectores termoluminescentes / Determination of dosimetric quantities of interest in Mammography using thermoluminescent detectors.

Mendoza, Raul Ernesto Camargo 10 February 2010 (has links)
Os órgãos de saúde internacionais e nacionais, como o Ministério da Saúde na portaria 453/98 da Vigilância Sanitária, exigem que a Dose de Entrada na Pele seja avaliada para cada equipamento mamográfico através da leitura de um sistema câmara de ionização-eletrómetro corrigida pelo fator de retroespalhamento. Ao não existir menção explícita na portaría de valores utilizáveis para o fator de retroespalhamento, este trabalho visa à determinação experimental do fator de retroespalhamento, através da utilização dos dosímetros termoluminescentes TLD-100. No estudo são verificadas as dependências geométricas e espectrais do fator de retroespalhamento, assim como do valor da Dose de Entrada na Pele, e da Dose em Profundidade, correspondentes com as técnicas radiográficas empregadas nos exames mamográficos convencionais de rotina. Foram avaliados feixes na faixa de 0,35 mmAl até 0,43 mmAl, tensões do tubo de 25kV, 28kV, 30kV, e 32kV, assim como os três tamanhos de campo disponíveis no Mamógrafo Senographe DMR utilizado, e distancias focofilme iguais a 56cm, 61cm e 66cm. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com publicações existentes, as quais apresentam resultados obtidos através de Simulação Monte Carlo, câmaras de ionização, e dosímetros TLD-100. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitem estabelecer e discutir as dependências das grandezas dosimétricas estudadas com a Camada Semi-Redutora, tensão do tubo, combinação ânodo-filtro, tamanho de campo, distância foco-filme e espessura da mama. / National and international health organizations such as the Brazilian Ministry of Health, through its Secretary of Health Surveillance establishes in the publication Nº 453/98 that in all mammographic equipments must be evaluated the entrance-skin dose through the readings of an ionization chamber-electrometer system corrected by the backscatter factor, among others factors. Nevertheless, there is no explicit mention for useful values of backscatter factor in this document; the main aim of this work is the experimental determination of backscatter factor through the use of TLD-100 dosimeters. In this study, the geometric and spectral dependencies of the backscatter factor, entrance-skin dose and the in-depth dose were evaluated, corresponding to the most radiographic techniques employed in conventional mammographic procedures, i.e., beam qualities in the range of 0.35 mmAl to 0.43 mmAl, tube voltages from 25kV to 32kV, focus-film distances from 56cm to 66cm, and three field sizes were evaluated. Our results were compared with those previously published obtained through Monte Carlo simulation, ionization chambers and TLD dosimeters. The results obtained in this work allow studying the dependency of the mentioned dosimetric quantities with the half-value layer, tube voltage, anode-filter combination, field size, focusfilm distance and breasting thickness of the breast.
3

Determinação de grandezas dosimétricas de interesse em mamografia usando detectores termoluminescentes / Determination of dosimetric quantities of interest in Mammography using thermoluminescent detectors.

Raul Ernesto Camargo Mendoza 10 February 2010 (has links)
Os órgãos de saúde internacionais e nacionais, como o Ministério da Saúde na portaria 453/98 da Vigilância Sanitária, exigem que a Dose de Entrada na Pele seja avaliada para cada equipamento mamográfico através da leitura de um sistema câmara de ionização-eletrómetro corrigida pelo fator de retroespalhamento. Ao não existir menção explícita na portaría de valores utilizáveis para o fator de retroespalhamento, este trabalho visa à determinação experimental do fator de retroespalhamento, através da utilização dos dosímetros termoluminescentes TLD-100. No estudo são verificadas as dependências geométricas e espectrais do fator de retroespalhamento, assim como do valor da Dose de Entrada na Pele, e da Dose em Profundidade, correspondentes com as técnicas radiográficas empregadas nos exames mamográficos convencionais de rotina. Foram avaliados feixes na faixa de 0,35 mmAl até 0,43 mmAl, tensões do tubo de 25kV, 28kV, 30kV, e 32kV, assim como os três tamanhos de campo disponíveis no Mamógrafo Senographe DMR utilizado, e distancias focofilme iguais a 56cm, 61cm e 66cm. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com publicações existentes, as quais apresentam resultados obtidos através de Simulação Monte Carlo, câmaras de ionização, e dosímetros TLD-100. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitem estabelecer e discutir as dependências das grandezas dosimétricas estudadas com a Camada Semi-Redutora, tensão do tubo, combinação ânodo-filtro, tamanho de campo, distância foco-filme e espessura da mama. / National and international health organizations such as the Brazilian Ministry of Health, through its Secretary of Health Surveillance establishes in the publication Nº 453/98 that in all mammographic equipments must be evaluated the entrance-skin dose through the readings of an ionization chamber-electrometer system corrected by the backscatter factor, among others factors. Nevertheless, there is no explicit mention for useful values of backscatter factor in this document; the main aim of this work is the experimental determination of backscatter factor through the use of TLD-100 dosimeters. In this study, the geometric and spectral dependencies of the backscatter factor, entrance-skin dose and the in-depth dose were evaluated, corresponding to the most radiographic techniques employed in conventional mammographic procedures, i.e., beam qualities in the range of 0.35 mmAl to 0.43 mmAl, tube voltages from 25kV to 32kV, focus-film distances from 56cm to 66cm, and three field sizes were evaluated. Our results were compared with those previously published obtained through Monte Carlo simulation, ionization chambers and TLD dosimeters. The results obtained in this work allow studying the dependency of the mentioned dosimetric quantities with the half-value layer, tube voltage, anode-filter combination, field size, focusfilm distance and breasting thickness of the breast.

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