Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Camila Renata Correa Camacho / Banca: Igor Otavio Minatel / Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o impacto de duas formas de processamento térmico (cozimento por fervura em panela e por micro-ondas), associado a presença ou ausência da casca e sementes, no conteúdo de compostos bioativos (vitamina C, carotenoides, compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, poliaminas). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental de São Manuel - Botucatu - São Paulo em ambiente protegido. Após a colheita, os frutos foram transportados para o Laboratório de Bioquímica Vegetal, higienizados e submetidos aos tratamentos de cocções em fervura (panela convencional) e micro-ondas durante os tempos de 5, 10, 20 e 40 minutos. Os frutos foram processados com pele e com sementes; sem pele e sem sementes. Foram avaliados pH, acidez titulavel, sólidos solúveis, ácido ascórbico e dehidroascórbico, fenóis totais, flavonoides totais, atividade antioxidante pelo método de DPPH e FRAP e poliaminas. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com esquema fatorial 5x 2 x 2, utilizando o Teste de Scott-Knott (p˂0,05). Foi observada diferença significativa para os fatores avaliados, bem como para sua interação. De forma geral, o purê de tomate cozido na fervura em panela por 40 minutos pode ser mais rentável para o aumento dos compostos bioativos, como atividade antioxidante total, vitamina C, compostos fenólicos, carotenoides, acidez, sólidos solúveis. O consumo do tomate com a pele e a semente apresentaram variações em relação aos compostos bioativos, que pode afirmar que o uso do tomate inteiro contém teores mais elevados destes compostos com atividade antioxidante / Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the impact of two forms of thermal processing (cooking by boiling in pan and microwave), associated with the presence or absence of skin and seeds, in the content of bioactive compounds (vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and polyamines).The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel - Botucatu/São Paulo in a protected environment. After the harvest, the fruits were transported to the Laboratory of Biochemical Plant, sanitized and submitted to treatments: cooking in boiling (conventional pan) and microwave during the times 5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes. The fruits were processed with skin and seeds; without skin and seeds. The pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methodand polyamines were evaluated. The design was completely randomized with factorial 5 x 2 x 2 using the Scott-Knott test (p˂0.05). Significant difference was observed for the factors evaluated, as well as their interaction. In general, the cooked tomato puree at the boil for 40 minutes in the pan can be more profitable for the increase of bioactive compounds such as total antioxidant activity, vitamin C, phenolics compounds, carotenoids, acidity, soluble solids. The use of tomato with skin and seed present variations in relation to bioactive compounds that can say that the whole tomato consumption contains higher levels of these compounds with antioxidant activity / Mestre

Orientador: Leila Trevisan Braz / Coorientador: Hamilton César de Oliveira Charlo / Coorientador: Carolina Fernandes / Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Banca: Pablo Forlan Vargas / Banca: Simone da Costa Mello / Banca: Renata Castoldi / Resumo: O substrato e a solução nutritiva são componentes inerentes ao cultivo de hortaliças em sistemas hidropônicos abertos, que influenciam diretamente no desempenho das plantas. O conhecimento das modificações ocorridas em substratos orgânicos, aliada ao manejo da solução nutritiva, podem fornecer informações que contribuam para o cultivo do tomateiro em fibra da casca de coco. Para tanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a reutilização do substrato em função da concentração da solução nutritiva no cultivo do tomateiro do grupo salada. O híbrido Paronset foi cultivado em substrato fibra da casca de coco fertirrigada com solução nutritiva recomendada para a cultura. As plantas foram cultivadas em três níveis de utilização do substrato (substrato novo, reutilizado uma vez e reutilizado duas vezes) e cinco concentrações da solução nutritiva (25%, 50%, 100%; 150% e 200 % da concentração recomendada). As avaliações consistiram na caracterização química e física do substrato após o cultivo, características produtivas e qualitativas dos frutos e estado nutricional das plantas. Somente houve interação entre utilização do substrato e concentração da solução nutritiva para a densidade do substrato. A produtividade e a massa de frutos são reduzidas com a segunda reutilização do substrato. O uso da solução a 96% possibilita maior produtividade, porém, a maior massa de frutos é obtida com a solução a 25%. O estado nutricional do tomateiro não é alterado em função do uso do substrato. A concentração da solução nutritiva afeta o estado nutricional do tomateiro / Abstract: The substrate and the nutrient solution are components inherent of open hydroponic systems which directly influence on performance of plants. Knowledge of the changes occurring in organic substrates, together with the management of nutrient solution, can provide information to assist the tomato cultivation in coconut husk fiber. Therefore, it aimed with this work to evaluate the reuse of the substrate due to the concentration of the nutrient solution in the cultivation of tomato salad group. The Paronset hybrid was cultivated in coconut husk fiber substrate, fertigated with recommended nutrient solution. The plants grew in three levels of use of the substrate (new substrate, reused once and reused twice) and five concentrations of nutrient solution (25%, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% of the recommended concentration). Evaluations consisted in chemical and physical characterization of the substrate after the harvest, yield and qualitative characteristics of fruits and nutritional status of plants. Only there was interaction between substrate utilization and concentration of the nutrient solution for the density of the substrate. The productivity and the mass of fruit reduced to the second reuse of the substrate. The use of 96% solution concentration provided higher productivity. The largest fruit weight was obtained with 25% solution concentration. The nutritional status of tomato is not changed due to the use of the substrate. The concentration of the nutrient solution affects the nutritional status of tomato / Doutor

Orientador: Pedro Luís da Costa Aguiar Alves / Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Banca: Ricardo Victória Filho / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a interferência relativa entre tomateiro industrial e caruru-de-mancha (Amaranthus viridis). A metodologia utilizada foi a de um experimento aditivo para as duas monoculturas (tomateiro e caruru-de-mancha), que variou de 20 a 100 plantas m-2, para determinar o valor a partir do qual a produção se torna independente do aumento da densidade para cada espécie, e um experimento substitutivo, com a população total de 60 plantas m-2, com cinco proporções de tomateiro:caruru-de-mancha (100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; 0:100). No experimento aditivo para as monoculturas foram avaliados aos 60 DAP: altura, número de folhas, flores e frutos, biomassa fresca de frutos e biomassa seca de folhas, caule, frutos e total, para as plantas de tomate, e altura, número de folhas, biomassa seca de folhas, caule, inflorescência e total para o caruru-de-mancha. Para o ensaio substitutivo, realizou-se uma avaliação aproximadamente aos 60 DAP (mesmas características avaliadas no aditivo) e outra ao final do término do período experimental (aos 120 DAP), quando foram avaliados também os teores de macronutrientes nas folhas das duas espécies e a produção total dos frutos do tomateiro (número, biomassa fresca e biomassa seca de frutos). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, para cada época de avaliação. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos e índices de competitividade, sendo os dados médios de produção de frutos (tomateiro) e os teores de macronutrientes das folhas (tomateiro e caruru-de-mancha) submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, com as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade / Abstract: This work aimed to quantify the relative interference between industrial tomato and Amaranthus viridis. It was used an additive experiment for two monocultures (tomato and A. viridis), which varied from 20 to 100 plants m-2, in order to determine the value at which the production became independent from density increase for each species, as well as a replacement series experiment with a total density of 60 plants m-2 and five proportions of tomato: A. viridis (100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; 0:100). In the additive experiment the height, number of leaves, flowers and fruits, fresh biomass of fruits and dry biomass of leaves, stems, fruits and total for the tomato plants were measured, whereas the height, number of leaves, dry biomass of leaves, stem, inflorescence and total were measured for the A. viridis, both at 60 days after planting (DAP). For the replacement series experiment, the same characteristics mentioned above were evaluated at 60 and 120 DAP. In addition, the levels of macronutrients in the leaves of both species were also obtained, as well as the total production of tomato fruits (number, fresh and dry weight of fruits), at 120 DAP. The experiments were set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications for each evaluation period. Competitive analysis was obtained by using diagrams, which are usually applied to replacement series studies, and relative competitive indices. Thus, the average data for the production of fruits (tomato) and the levels of macronutrients in the leaves (tomato and slender amaranth) were analyzed by F test, followed by Tukey test at 5% probability / Mestre

Orientador: Walter Belik / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T16:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_DarleneRamos_D.pdf: 534011 bytes, checksum: 669a649b344b7b359605ba9fb77812b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O trabalho analisa as características da coordenação contratual vigentes na agroindústria de tomate no Estado de Goiás sob o ponto de vista dos produtores de tomate. A re-localização do processamento e produção de tomate na região do cerrado foi fruto do processo de reestruturação industrial do setor em busca de regiões mais produtivas e de uma produção de melhor qualidade. A escassez de crédito público para o financiamento agrícola e o fracasso de algumas fontes alternativas de crédito privadas facilitou a consolidação do uso de contratos na agroindústria de tomate nessa região. Tais contratos são mais rígidos, o que restringe a organização de produtores, reduzindo o seu poder de barganha. Embora insatisfeitos com as relações contratuais, os produtores continuam na relação em virtude da rentabilidade da cultura de tomate / Abstract: It is analyzed the characteristics of the contractual coordination existing in the tomato agroindustry in the State of Goiás, Brazil, from the perspective of the producers. The re-location of the processing and production of the brazilian tomato to the Cerrado region resulted from the process of industrial restructuring of the sector in search of more productive regions and of higher-quality production. The scarcity, low-supply of government credit for agricultural financing and the failure of alternative sources of private credit made it easier the consolidation of the use of contracts in the tomate agroindustry in the Cerrado region. These contracts are more rigid, thus constraining the organization of the producers and reducing their bargaining power. While unsatisfied with these contractual relationships, most producers keep engaged on them, basically due to the profitability associated with the tomato production / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

M.Sc. / Loss of quality occurs when tomatoes are stored for more than approximately 3-5 weeks at 12 °C. The most common disorders found in tomatoes during storage are colour development to an unacceptable shade of red, softening, shrivelling due to moisture loss, loss of flavour and fungal infections. Storage life of tomatoes is generally extended by storage under refrigeration. Further, extension of shelf life can be achieved by modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). This is done by sealing actively respiring produce in polymeric film packages to modify the 0, and CO, levels within the package atmosphere. Also, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been proven to be an effective postharvest treatment to prolong the storage life of tomatoes. In the present study four trails were conducted. In the first trial the effects of 1-MCP dosage rate and the colour stage of harvest on the quality of `Santa' tomatoes stored for 4 weeks at 12 °C were investigated. The results indicated that ripening related changes were delayed following 1-MCP treatment. 1-MCP treated fruit were firmer, had reduced TA losses, slower colour development, and reduced physiological disorders associated with long term storage. The stage of ripeness influenced the efficacy of 1-MCP on slowing down the tomato ripening process. 1-MCP was of little benefit for fruit treated at stage 4 of ripeness. In contrast, particularly when the 1-MCP dosage was high, 1-MCP markedly delayed ripening in fruit harvested at colour stage 2 and 3, but the quality attributes such as SSC were better in treated fruits harvested at stage 3. Relatively little difference was observed between 250 and 500 nL.L -I 1-MCP and thus 500 nL.Con fruit harvested at stage 3 of ripeness was used in the remaining experiments. Effects of MAP, 1-MCP and imazalil either as combined treatments or as single treatments were studied for their effect on the quality of tomatoes. Ripening related changes were delayed and loss of weight was significantly reduced following 1-MCP treatment and MA packaging in 17 gm thickness bags. Elevated CO, in MAP after a long storage period induced anaerobic metabolism with the generation of off-odurs and the proliferation of anaerobic microbes. Selected doses of imazalil (0, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005 and 0.0005 g.L.1 ) were evaluated for their effect on the fungal infections on tomato fruits. Imazalil at a rate of 0.005 g.L"' was found to reduce fungal infections by 50% when used in combination with MAP and 1-MCP. The combination of imazalil and MAP therefore appears to be the best treatment combination to facilitate export of 'Santa' tomatoes by sea. However, with regards to reducing the loss of TA, treatment with 1-MCP would be beneficial.

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Santa) are climacteric fruit that continue to ripen after harvest. Once the fruit are separated from the plant, the physiological reactions that control the ripening process are altered, so that tomato quality is altered. The earlier the stage of ripening at harvest, the larger the discrepancy between the tomatoes left to ripen on the plant and those harvested while still unripe. Quality is lost as the tomatoes lose moisture, firmness, nutrients and stored carbohydrates. Other aspects such as colour and flavour development and cell wall modifications also affect the quality of unripe harvested tomatoes. Environmental factors that affect the postharvest quality include the temperature, humidity and atmospheric conditions in which the tomatoes are stored. Hormonal manipulation (introducing or blocking ethylene) also has an effect on the final fruit quality. This research project concentrated on the changes that occur in quality during post harvest ripening. Comparisons were made on how different post harvest treatments and storage protocols influenced the quality and longevity of tomato fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine storage conditions that would prolong the shelflife of tomatoes so that they can be acceptable for consumption for up to 40 days after harvest. The best results were obtained from tomatoes that had not completely turned red at time of harvest. These tomatoes could maintain their acceptability best when they were stored at 12°C under controlled atmosphere conditions. 1-MCP treatment was also effective in limiting quality losses for up to a week after harvest, and avoiding exposure to ethylene gas can also be recommended. Heat treatment was not at all successful in improving the longevity of the fruit. / Prof. C.S. Whitehead

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Polyclonal antisera produced against spores, soluble protein and the whole mycelium fractions of Didymella lycopersici reacted with the homologous and heterologous antigens. The most sensitive antiserum was that raised against the whole mycelium, the soluble protein and the spore, in decreasing order of sensitivity. Using the antiserum raised against the whole mycelium it was possible to detect D. lycopersici on diseased plants and infested seeds. Cross reactivity was observed between the antisera produced to D. lycopersici and D. applanata, D. bryoniae and other tomato fungal pathogens including Fusarium spp. and B. cinerea. ELISA was most sensitive and reliable compared to double immunodiffusion, and latex tests. No reactions were obtained using the latex agglutination procedure and no antiserum detected spores in double diffusion tests. Protein profiles on SDS-PAGE revealed that the total number of protein bands decreased with increased age of cultures of D. lycopersici incubated in liquid media. Western blots probed with the antiserum raised against the whole mycelium showed that protein bands from extracts of both D. lycopersici and D. applanata were antigenic. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

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