Dimethacrylate oligomers diluted with styrene reactive diluents (so-called vinyl ester resins) are becoming increasingly important for composites in applications such as transportation vehicles, printed wiring boards and civil infrastructure. This research has focused on the generation and comparative analysis of glassy dimethacrylate networks as a function of oligomer structure, the type of reactive diluent, composition and curing conditions. A novel cycloaliphatic dimethacrylate was synthesized and its networks were compared to oligomeric structures containing dimethacrylates derived from epoxy terminated oligomers (from bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin). Both types of dimethacrylates co-cured with methyl methacrylate exhibited increases in Mc and fracture toughness as the concentration of methyl methacrylate was increased. By contrast, networks prepared with a styrene diluent displayed reduced toughness with increasing styrene and Mc. Due to the need for long-term composite environmental durability, the effects of moisture and exposure to sunlight are important. Thus, these materials were exposed to ultraviolet light on a rotating drum for 225 days and the exposure was carefully monitored. Initial results from this study suggest that both the networks comprising the aromatic dimethacrylate/styrene structures as well as the cycloaliphatic analogues cured with methyl methacrylate undergo reductions in rubbery moduli upon aging under these conditions. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows higher levels of oxidation on the bisphenol-A vinyl ester networks cured with styrene, especially those containing dimethylaniline and cobalt naphthenate as accelerators. Scanning electron microscopy indicates a smooth surface for the cycloaliphatic networks cured with methyl methacrylate and a pitted surface for the aromatic networks cured with styrene. Water absorption is also higher for the cycloaliphatic vinyl ester; however, curing with a longer alkyl chain methacrylate (butyl methacrylate) decreases the water absorption to levels comparable to those cured with styrene. / Ph. D.

In this paper, a novel approach is utilized to investigate the deformation mechanisms at the microstructural level in 3D printed alloys. The complex in-situ heat treatments during 3D printing leaves a unique and complicated microstructure in the as-built 3D printed metals, particularly alloys. The microstructure is made of a hierarchical stacking of some interconnected geometrical shapes, namely meltpools, grains, and cells. These are connected to each other by boundaries that might have different element compositions, and consequently, material properties, compared to the interior region of each geometrical unit. Deformation mechanisms in this microstructure are still highly unexplored, mainly because of the challenges on the way of performing experiments at the micrometer length scale. In this work, we establish an image processing framework that directly converts the SEM images taken from the microstructure of 3D printed 316L stainless steel alloys into CAD models. The model of the complicated microstructure is then scaled up, and the scaled model is 3D printed using polymeric materials. For 3D printing these samples, two polymers with contrasting mechanical properties are used. Distribution of these two polymers mimics the arrangement of soft and stiff regions in the microstructure of 3D printed alloys. These representative samples are subjected to mechanical loads and digital image correlation is utilized to investigate the deformation mechanisms, particularly the delocalization of stress concentration and also the crack propagation, at the microstructural level of 3D printed metals. Besides experiments, computational modeling using finite element method is also performed to study the same deformation mechanisms at the microstructure of 3D printed 316L stainless steel. Our results show that the hierarchical arrangement of stiff and soft phases in 3D printed alloys delocalizes the stress concentration and has the potential to make microstructures with significantly improved damage tolerance capabilities. / Master of Science / Many researchers have studied the impacts of laser parameters on the bulk material properties of SLM printed parts; few if any have studied how these parts break at a microstructural level. In this work we show how SLM printed parts with complex microstructures including grains, meltpools, and cells, deform and break. The cellular network that occurs in some SLM printed parts leads to a multi-material hierarchical structure, with a stiff network of thin boundaries, and a bulk "matrix" of soft cell material. This leads to similar properties as some composites, whereby the stiff network of cell boundaries leads to increased damage tolerance. We show both computationally through finite element analysis, and experimentally through multi-material 3D fabrication, that the microstructure leads to increased crack length in failure, as well as lower toughness loss and strength loss in the event of a crack. Essentially, the complex nature of the formation of these parts (high heating and cooling rates from laser melting) leads to a beneficial microstructure for damage tolerance that has not been studied from this perspective before.

Cuenca Asensio, E. (2012). ON SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS MADE OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18326

Crack propagation studies in nanocrystalline alpha-iron samples with grain sizes ranging from 6 to 12 nm are reported at temperatures ranging from 100K to 600K using atomistic simulations. For all grain sizes, a combination of intragranular and intergranular fracture is observed. Mechanisms such as grain boundary accommodation, grain boundary triple junction, grain nucleation and grain rotation are observed to dictate the plastic deformation energy release. Intergranular fracture is shown to proceed by the coalescence of nanovoids formed at the grain boundaries ahead of the crack. The simulations also show that at an atomistic scale the fracture resistance and plastic deformation energy release mechanisms increase with increasing temperature. Finally a softening of the material occurs with decreasing grain size. The elastic properties are found to decrease and the fracture resistance to increase with decreasing grain size. / Master of Science

Yes / As a type of excellent reinforcing filler, super-fine stainless wire (SSW) can form widely distributed network in reactive powder concrete (RPC) to transfer crack tip stresses as well as inhibit the initiation and propagation of cracks, leading to significant improvement of flexural toughness of RPC. In this paper, the flexural toughness of RPC beams and plates reinforced with 1% and 1.5% by vol. of SSWs was investigated, and its calculation model was established according to the composite material theory. Experimental results showed that the flexural toughness of unnotched beams fabricated with RPC containing 1.5% SSWs is 146.5% higher than that of control RPC without SSWs according to load-deflection relationships. The equivalent flexural strength of notched RPC beams is enhanced by 80.0% as SSW content increases from 1% to 1.5%. The limitation ability of SSWs on crack mouth opening can be used to evaluate the flexural toughness of composites. An addition of 1.5% SSWs leads to 201.9% increase of flexural toughness of RPC plates in accordance with load-deflection relationships. The calculation model based on the composite material theory can accurately describe the toughening effect of SSWs on RPC beams and plates. The enhancement of flexural toughness of RPC caused by SSWs is beneficial for improving the safety of structures as well as broadening the engineering applications of composites. / National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC0705601) and China Postdoctoral Science Fundation (2019M651116).

Yes / In this paper, two types of nano carbon materials including 0D nano carbon black and 2D graphene are assembled through electrostatic adsorption to develop smart cement-based composites. Owing to their excellent mechanical, electrical properties and synergistic effect, self-assembled 0D/2D nano carbon materials can form toughening and conductive networks in cement-based materials at low content level and without changing the preparation process of conventional cement-based materials, thus endowing cement-based materials with smart and multifunctional properties including high toughness, self-sensing property to stress/strain and damage, shielding/absorbing property to electromagnetic wave. The developed smart cement-based composites with self-assembled 0D/2D nano carbon materials have promising application in the fields of oil well cementing, structural health monitoring, and electromagnetic protection and anti-electromagnetic pollution. It can therefore conclude that electrostatic self-assembled 0D/2D nano carbon materials provide a simple preparation method and excellent composite effect for developing nano cement-based materials, which can be applied in large-scale infrastructures. / The National Science Foundation of China (51908103) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M651116).

Yes / Binary and ternary blends of a polylactic acid matrix with polycaprolactone (PCL) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) were produced by twin screw extrusion, containing up to 30 wt% loading. Mechanical, thermal and rheological characterisation techniques were used to quantify properties of the different blend formulations and miscibility was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. PCL is known to act as an impact modifier in PLA but to cause a corresponding reduction in strength. Results showed that addition of both PBS and PCL seperatly caused a reduction in melt viscosity, elastic modulus and tensile strength, but an increase in impact strength and strain at break. Analysis of morphology suggested that immiscibility was evident, particularly at higher PCL and PBS loadings. Results indicated that incorporation of a small loading of PBS had a synergistic effect on the PLA-PCL blend properties. Miscibility was improved and enhanced mechanical properties were observed for a ternary blend containing 5 wt% of both PBS and PCL compared to blends containing 10% of each polymer alone. / Financial support of Floreon- Transforming Packaging Ltd through the PhD sponsorship and materials provision.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is an aliphatic polyester, derived from sustainable natural sources that is biodegradable and can be industrially composted. This material has been in the spotlight recently due to its sustainability and properties. However it has been invented in 1932 by Carothers and then patented by DuPont in 1954 (Standau et al. 2019). The properties of this material though limit its use for applications mainly in the medical sector and in some cases single use packaging. In this research, PLA based blends with improved rheological and thermomechanical properties are investigated. The focus is based in proposing strategies in improving these properties based on commercial methods and processing techniques. In this work, commercial grade PLA has been blended with polycaprolactone (PCL) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) in binary and ternary formulations via twin screw extrusion. PCL has been known to act as an impact modifier for PLA, but to cause a corresponding reduction in strength. Results showed that the binary PLA blends containing PBS and PCL, had reduced viscosity, elastic modulus and strength, but increased strain at break and impact strength. Morphological and thermal analysis showed that the immiscibility of these additives with PLA caused these modifications. Incorporation of a small loading of PBS had a synergistic effect on the PLA-PCL blend properties. Miscibility was improved and enhanced mechanical properties were observed for a ternary blend containing 5wt% of both PBS and PCL compared to binary blends containing 10% of each additive. To increase heat resistance of PLA, the material’s crystallinity has to be increased. However PLA has a relatively slow crystallisation rate making it difficult and expensive to be used in commercial applications where heat resistance is needed. For this reason the chiral nature of PLA has been used to investigate the effect of stereochemistry of PLA in crystallisation. Optically pure PDLA was added to its enantiomer in small amounts (up to 15%) and the properties and crystallisation mechanism of these blends was investigated. Results showed that the addition of PDLA accelerated crystallinity and developed a stucture that increased heat resistance, melt strength and stiffness. Finally, a processing model of developing a fully stereocomplex PLA part based in commercial techniques is proposed. Injection moulded PLA showed even higher heat resistance without the need of further processing the product (increasing crystallinity). / Floreon

Neste trabalho são comparados os resultados analíticos de previsão de falha de um vaso nuclear PWR destinado à propulsão naval, contendo oito diferentes tipos de trinca, obtidos segundo a Mecânica da Fratura Elástica-Linear (MFEL) e a correspondente Elasto-Plástica (MFEP). Os resultados são fornecidos em termos da pressão interna e do gradiente de deformações ao longo da espessura da parede do componente estrutural, sendo diretamente aplicáveis às condições impostas e desenvolvidas em ensaios isotérmicos de hidro-pressurização. O elevado nível de conservativismo dos resultados derivados segundo a MFEL, via critério KIC de disparo de clivagem, quando comparados àqueles obtidos por meio da MFEP, através do critério de iniciação de rasgamento dúctil, Ji, e em especial dos critérios J50 e Jinstab.dúctil de falha com base na Teoria da Instabilidade do Rasgamento Dúctil ou Elasto-Plástico (TIRD/TIREP) por intermédio de diagramas J x T (integral-J versus módulo de rasgamento), foi avaliado e quantificado. O intenso efeito das dimensões dos corpos de prova nos resultados obtidos a partir de ambas abordagens, assim como o papel determinante dos entalhes laterais nos ensaios da MFEP foram definitivamente comprovados. Foi também demonstrado o saudável conservativismo das previsões segundo o critério J50 para projeto e serviço seguros de plantas nucleares frente às condições reais em que se verifica analiticamente a instabilidade dúctil do componente trincado, tais como definidas por Jinstab.dúctil, assim como das previsões decorrentes dos processos de extrapolação linear de curvas J-R no espaço J x T quando comparadas às resultantes de extrapolações não-lineares mais frequentemente utilizadas. Com relação aos efeitos exercidos nos resultados de previsão de falha pelo tipo, profundidade e comprimento da trinca contida na parede do vaso de pressão, ficou demonstrado que as trincas de superfície são muito mais críticas que as sub-superficiais de idênticas profundidade e comprimento, assim como que as avaliações de integridade são muito mais sensíveis a mudanças na profundidade da trinca relativamente a alterações no seu comprimento. As aproximações entre os resultados obtidos via J50 e através de Jinstab.dúttil, e entre os resultados obtidos pelos procedimentos de extrapolação linear e não-linear de curvas JMAT-TMAT, são muito mais nítidas para as trincas de superfície menos profundas e, em especial para as embutidas, mesmo aquelas mais críticas. Deste modo, a metodologia aqui aprimorada, destinada em última instância a avaliações de integridade estrutural de vasos PWR em transientes de potência durante a sua vida em serviço, se mostrou absolutamente efetiva no caso das trincas mais prováveis em tais circunstâncias, quais sejam, as de pequenas dimensões e situadas superficialmente na parede do vaso. Ainda, foi verificada a tendência da ocorrência do vazamento do meio pressurizante anteriormente à falha do vaso por instabilidade dúctil nos casos da presença das trincas mais profundas, independentemente de serem elas de superfície ou sub-superficiais e, novamente, de seu comprimento, contribuindo assim para a percepção visual da iminência da falha bem como para eventos de freamento de trinca dúctil, impedindo a falha catastrófica do vaso PWR. Por outro lado, trincas rasas ou meno·s profundas tendem a entrar no regime de instabilidade dúctil muito precocemente, com a essência da propagação se dando de modo instável, causando fratura rápida ou súbita do vaso sem sinal anterior. Finalmente, foi comprovada nesse estudo a aplicabilidade da técnica analítica de normalização linear para o levantamento de curvas J-R, e como consequência JMAT-TMAT, para a avaliação de integridade estrutural de componentes robustos falhando de modo dúctil após considerável, e mensurável, crescimento estável de trinca; também, foi aqui proposto o ajuste logarítmico de dados de curvas J-R, em oposição ao hoje consensualmente utilizado via lei de potência, de modo a computar os efeitos do fenômeno de saturação de J, permitindo assim extrapolações conservativas e seguras para as condições em que se verifica a falha do componente nuclear. / In this work the analytical results related to a nuclear pressure vessel failure conditions as obtained by Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and the Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) were compared for eigth different crack types. The results are supplied in terms of internal pressure and strain gradient through the wall thickness of the structural component, and might be directly applied to isothermal hydrotests experiments. The high conservatism of LEFM approach, by using KIC criterion of cleavage triggering, as compared to results obtained via Ji of ductile crack initiation from EPFM approach, and specially to the J50 and Jduct.instab. criteria based on ductile Tearing Instability Theory through J x T (J-integral x tearing modulus) diagrams, was evaluated and quantified. The overriding effect of specimens size over LEFM and EPFM results were definitely proved, as well as the very strong influence of side-grooving the EPFM specimens. It was demonstrated the healthy conservatism of the predictions following the J50 criterion for safe design and service in the nuclear industry facing the real conditions where ductile instability takes place as analytically defined by Jduct.instab.. In the same way the conservatism of the predictions from the linear extrapolation procedure of J-R curves on J x T space, as compared with the most common non-linear process was proved as well. With respect to the effect exerted by type, depth and length of the crack over the results it was demonstrated that surface cracks are more critical than the embedded ones with identical dimensions, being the analytical evaluation much more sensitive to changes in the crack depth than in its length. The approximations among the results obtained from J50 and Jduct.instab. criteria as well as among the results from the linear and non-linear extrapolation procedure are best verified for the less depth surface cracks and specially for the embedded cracks even the largest ones. So, the methodology here improved, aimed in last instance to structural integrity assessment of PWR vessels on power transients during their service life has been shown to be a powerful tool in evaluating the most expected cracks under such circunstances, that is, those having small dimensions and located on surface wall. Still, it was demonstrated the trend for leak-before-ductile instability in the presence of the deepest surface and internal cracks, allowing the visual perception of the threshold of the vessel failure and the development of crack arrest events avoiding catastrofic rupture of the component. Otherwise, shallow cracks are prone to get very fast in the unstable regime of growth, with the essence of the propagation occuring under this condition, conducting to suddenly fracture of the vessel without any prior evidence. Finally, it was proved in this study the accuracy of the linear normalization technique in deriving J-R curves for the assessment of structural integrity of massive components which fail in a ductile way after undergo large stable crack extensions; it was suggested here the logarithmic fit of J-R data points taking in account more properly the J-saturation phenomena and leading to more safe and conservative extrapolation results when compared to resulting from power-law fit.

Neste trabalho são comparados os resultados analíticos de previsão de falha de um vaso nuclear PWR destinado à propulsão naval, contendo oito diferentes tipos de trinca, obtidos segundo a Mecânica da Fratura Elástica-Linear (MFEL) e a correspondente Elasto-Plástica (MFEP). Os resultados são fornecidos em termos da pressão interna e do gradiente de deformações ao longo da espessura da parede do componente estrutural, sendo diretamente aplicáveis às condições impostas e desenvolvidas em ensaios isotérmicos de hidro-pressurização. O elevado nível de conservativismo dos resultados derivados segundo a MFEL, via critério KIC de disparo de clivagem, quando comparados àqueles obtidos por meio da MFEP, através do critério de iniciação de rasgamento dúctil, Ji, e em especial dos critérios J50 e Jinstab.dúctil de falha com base na Teoria da Instabilidade do Rasgamento Dúctil ou Elasto-Plástico (TIRD/TIREP) por intermédio de diagramas J x T (integral-J versus módulo de rasgamento), foi avaliado e quantificado. O intenso efeito das dimensões dos corpos de prova nos resultados obtidos a partir de ambas abordagens, assim como o papel determinante dos entalhes laterais nos ensaios da MFEP foram definitivamente comprovados. Foi também demonstrado o saudável conservativismo das previsões segundo o critério J50 para projeto e serviço seguros de plantas nucleares frente às condições reais em que se verifica analiticamente a instabilidade dúctil do componente trincado, tais como definidas por Jinstab.dúctil, assim como das previsões decorrentes dos processos de extrapolação linear de curvas J-R no espaço J x T quando comparadas às resultantes de extrapolações não-lineares mais frequentemente utilizadas. Com relação aos efeitos exercidos nos resultados de previsão de falha pelo tipo, profundidade e comprimento da trinca contida na parede do vaso de pressão, ficou demonstrado que as trincas de superfície são muito mais críticas que as sub-superficiais de idênticas profundidade e comprimento, assim como que as avaliações de integridade são muito mais sensíveis a mudanças na profundidade da trinca relativamente a alterações no seu comprimento. As aproximações entre os resultados obtidos via J50 e através de Jinstab.dúttil, e entre os resultados obtidos pelos procedimentos de extrapolação linear e não-linear de curvas JMAT-TMAT, são muito mais nítidas para as trincas de superfície menos profundas e, em especial para as embutidas, mesmo aquelas mais críticas. Deste modo, a metodologia aqui aprimorada, destinada em última instância a avaliações de integridade estrutural de vasos PWR em transientes de potência durante a sua vida em serviço, se mostrou absolutamente efetiva no caso das trincas mais prováveis em tais circunstâncias, quais sejam, as de pequenas dimensões e situadas superficialmente na parede do vaso. Ainda, foi verificada a tendência da ocorrência do vazamento do meio pressurizante anteriormente à falha do vaso por instabilidade dúctil nos casos da presença das trincas mais profundas, independentemente de serem elas de superfície ou sub-superficiais e, novamente, de seu comprimento, contribuindo assim para a percepção visual da iminência da falha bem como para eventos de freamento de trinca dúctil, impedindo a falha catastrófica do vaso PWR. Por outro lado, trincas rasas ou meno·s profundas tendem a entrar no regime de instabilidade dúctil muito precocemente, com a essência da propagação se dando de modo instável, causando fratura rápida ou súbita do vaso sem sinal anterior. Finalmente, foi comprovada nesse estudo a aplicabilidade da técnica analítica de normalização linear para o levantamento de curvas J-R, e como consequência JMAT-TMAT, para a avaliação de integridade estrutural de componentes robustos falhando de modo dúctil após considerável, e mensurável, crescimento estável de trinca; também, foi aqui proposto o ajuste logarítmico de dados de curvas J-R, em oposição ao hoje consensualmente utilizado via lei de potência, de modo a computar os efeitos do fenômeno de saturação de J, permitindo assim extrapolações conservativas e seguras para as condições em que se verifica a falha do componente nuclear. / In this work the analytical results related to a nuclear pressure vessel failure conditions as obtained by Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and the Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) were compared for eigth different crack types. The results are supplied in terms of internal pressure and strain gradient through the wall thickness of the structural component, and might be directly applied to isothermal hydrotests experiments. The high conservatism of LEFM approach, by using KIC criterion of cleavage triggering, as compared to results obtained via Ji of ductile crack initiation from EPFM approach, and specially to the J50 and Jduct.instab. criteria based on ductile Tearing Instability Theory through J x T (J-integral x tearing modulus) diagrams, was evaluated and quantified. The overriding effect of specimens size over LEFM and EPFM results were definitely proved, as well as the very strong influence of side-grooving the EPFM specimens. It was demonstrated the healthy conservatism of the predictions following the J50 criterion for safe design and service in the nuclear industry facing the real conditions where ductile instability takes place as analytically defined by Jduct.instab.. In the same way the conservatism of the predictions from the linear extrapolation procedure of J-R curves on J x T space, as compared with the most common non-linear process was proved as well. With respect to the effect exerted by type, depth and length of the crack over the results it was demonstrated that surface cracks are more critical than the embedded ones with identical dimensions, being the analytical evaluation much more sensitive to changes in the crack depth than in its length. The approximations among the results obtained from J50 and Jduct.instab. criteria as well as among the results from the linear and non-linear extrapolation procedure are best verified for the less depth surface cracks and specially for the embedded cracks even the largest ones. So, the methodology here improved, aimed in last instance to structural integrity assessment of PWR vessels on power transients during their service life has been shown to be a powerful tool in evaluating the most expected cracks under such circunstances, that is, those having small dimensions and located on surface wall. Still, it was demonstrated the trend for leak-before-ductile instability in the presence of the deepest surface and internal cracks, allowing the visual perception of the threshold of the vessel failure and the development of crack arrest events avoiding catastrofic rupture of the component. Otherwise, shallow cracks are prone to get very fast in the unstable regime of growth, with the essence of the propagation occuring under this condition, conducting to suddenly fracture of the vessel without any prior evidence. Finally, it was proved in this study the accuracy of the linear normalization technique in deriving J-R curves for the assessment of structural integrity of massive components which fail in a ductile way after undergo large stable crack extensions; it was suggested here the logarithmic fit of J-R data points taking in account more properly the J-saturation phenomena and leading to more safe and conservative extrapolation results when compared to resulting from power-law fit.