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One of the understudied geographies of the world economy is the large-scale export of second-hand clothing form the global North to Africa. The consumption and re-use 0 clothing traces a transnational gradient of inequality between the rich and poor. This thesis examines the (re )production of second-hand clothing commodities in Britain, the international economic geographies of the used-clothing trade and the labour activities of African market traders. Coordinated and non-integrated patterns of trade are investigated through a theoretical approach which draws upon Fine's 'system of provision' analysis from heterodox economics and connects this to existing commodity studies approaches in geography. Within global second-hand clothing networks there are differential power relations between charities, companies and individuals. The socially and historically embedded roles of British charities and firms in the collection, processing and export of second-hand clothing are introduced. This is connected to the main empirical exploration of the downstream social and economic impacts of second- hand clothing imports in Africa. Linkages are made across the new and used clothing sectors and in the relationships between the decline of clothing industries across Africa, economic liberalisation and the growth of used-clothing imports. Patterns of import are investigated, with specific reference to Mozambique, where Indian merchants control distribution. Second-hand clothing markets are widespread in African urban centres and retail activities in Maputo are examined in-depth drawing upon twelve months of ethnographic research. Through specific social formations market traders have precarious livelihoods. Incomes do not provide opportunities for Mozambicans to progress out of poverty. By examining different processes at various locations in the international economy, it is demonstrated how it is not second-hand clothes which create economic relationships, but definite social relations between people.

The main goal of the Fair Trade movemement is poverty reduction based on equal trade partnership. The alternative trade methods appeared as a reaction on the market failure and increasing consumer interest in working conditions in developing countries. Nowadays the sales and awareness of the population are significantly increasing and new markets are emerging the region of Central and Eastern Europe. In Czech republic the most significant position have coffee, cocoa and tea. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the potencial of Fair Trade products on the Czech market based on comparison with the development in Austria, Germany and Great Britain and describe trends which might be expected in this segment.

<p>In this study we examine trade patterns between Turkey and 13 member states of the European Union and how these have developed over the time period of 1983 – 2006. To represent the industrial and agricultural goods included in the study we look at the United Nations Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Following, we investigate internal differences in the EU by selecting four countries each to represent the Northern and Southern countries of the EU. Internal differences were studied in relation to the amount of trade occurring between Turkey and the Northern and Southern countries. The main result is that Turkey is not of great significance for the EU. For Turkey however, the EU is a highly significant trade partner. The observed patterns indicate that trade deepening between Turkey and EU13 has occurred gradually, implying that the Customs Union from 1996 cannot be said to have caused severe differences in the Turkish-EU13 trade relations. For this trade agreement however, no effects on the trade development was directly related to the implementation of the CU. Following, the EU can continue to act as an important partner for future Turkish trade relations. No severe differences are to be expected in the development for trade in goods as free trade already is widely spread within this area. Instead, the major difference of a Turkish entry into the EU will most likely occur when introducing free movement of capital, services and people.</p>

In this study we examine trade patterns between Turkey and 13 member states of the European Union and how these have developed over the time period of 1983 – 2006. To represent the industrial and agricultural goods included in the study we look at the United Nations Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Following, we investigate internal differences in the EU by selecting four countries each to represent the Northern and Southern countries of the EU. Internal differences were studied in relation to the amount of trade occurring between Turkey and the Northern and Southern countries. The main result is that Turkey is not of great significance for the EU. For Turkey however, the EU is a highly significant trade partner. The observed patterns indicate that trade deepening between Turkey and EU13 has occurred gradually, implying that the Customs Union from 1996 cannot be said to have caused severe differences in the Turkish-EU13 trade relations. For this trade agreement however, no effects on the trade development was directly related to the implementation of the CU. Following, the EU can continue to act as an important partner for future Turkish trade relations. No severe differences are to be expected in the development for trade in goods as free trade already is widely spread within this area. Instead, the major difference of a Turkish entry into the EU will most likely occur when introducing free movement of capital, services and people.

Arms trade is a multi-faced issue, it can increase the state's economic revenue; however also endanger the human security. The European Union's member state United Kingdom is one of the five largest arms traders in the world. The EU promotes human security in its work, especially in the union's development policies. These circumstances address the main question of the study: is there a contradiction between the UK's arms trade and the EU development policies. The objective of this study is to research the stately weapon use in three of the UK's trading partners, and how it could affect the EU development policies. The UK exports arms to Israel, Sudan and Egypt all countries which have misused arms through attacks towards the civilian population. The misuse of arms has prevented the EU to achieve the goals within the development policies though violations of human rights, increased suffering, and decreased human security.

吳展超. / 論文(碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 138-144. / 中英文摘要. / Wu Zhanchao. / 論文提要 --- p.3 / 導言 --- p.4 / Chapter 第一章： --- 香港的工業、貿易與經濟發展 --- p.8 / Chapter 第一節： --- 香港戰後的工業化 / Chapter 第二節： --- 香港的工業化與貿易 / Chapter 第三節： --- 貿易與香港的經濟發展 / Chapter 第二章： --- 香港貿易發展局的成立 --- p.26 / Chapter 第一節： --- 香港貿易發展局成立的背景 / Chapter 第二節： --- 香港貿易發展局成立的經過 / Chapter 第三節： --- 香港貿易發展局的宗旨、職能及組織 / Chapter 第三章： --- 香港貿易發展局成立初期的貿易 拓展工作 --- p.55 / Chapter 第一節： --- 五、六十年代香港工業的機遇與挑戰 / Chapter 第二節： --- 香港貿易發展局的拓展策略和工作 / Chapter 第四章： --- 七十年代香港工業發展與貿易 拓展的變化 --- p.71 / Chapter 第一節： --- 七十年代香港工業的發展與挑戰 / Chapter 第二節： --- 香港貿易發展局的拓展策略和工作 / Chapter 第五章： --- 八十年代以來的挑戰與應變 --- p.91 / Chapter 第一節： --- 八十年代以來香港經濟轉型與 國際政經情勢的變化 / Chapter 第二節： --- 香港貿易發展局的應變策略與工作 / 結語 --- p.133 / 參考資料 --- p.138 / 附錄 --- p.145

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Thesis--Technische Universität Berlin, 1972.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze existing approaches to providing development assistance and participation of developing countries in international trade and assess both developing and commercial cooperation between the Czech Republic and Southeast Asia. The first chapter is the theoretical part of the thesis, which is focused on the theories of economic development and growth of underdeveloped countries. The second chapter deals with the openness of the markets of Southeast Asia. The main part consists of the analysis of international development cooperation and trade relations between the Czech Republic and this region.