Gridded, regional photochemical models use simplified photochemical reaction mechanisms, and two commonly used mechanisms are the [California] Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) mechanism and the Carbon Bond (CB) mechanism. Versions of the mechanisms currently in use include SAPRC99 and the CB-IV version from 1996. For the modeling done of the summer of 2000 in southeast Texas, the SAPRC99 mechanism leads to concentrations of ozone that are 30-45 ppb higher than with CB-IV, and is more sensitive to reductions in NOx emissions. Differences between the mechanisms could have significant consequences for determining the levels of emission reductions that will be required to demonstrate attainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, with concentrations averaged over 8 hours. Therefore, various modeling tools, together with chamber experiments were used to diagnose the differences between the mechanisms. These differences are due to differences in both reaction rate parameters/stoichiometry and the condensation methods in the mechanisms. Major reasons for the differences are differences in aromatics and free radicals chemistries, which lead to higher radical concentrations in the SAPRC formulation.

No description available.

The Canadian supply management system offers some lessons for the design of a domestic permit trading system. One of the objectives of the domestic trading system is minimizing costs and maximizing the system's efficiency for participants and system administrators. This paper suggests that a permit trading system designed with a longer permit period and without a grace period can be more efficient than a system designed with a shorter permit period and a grace period for compliance. This study is based on Canadian Supply Management System experience and examines the Canadian dairy industry, where two different schemes (monthly and annual) have been used. Under the annual scheme, a strong compliance mechanism stimulates participants to exchange quotas during the dairy year (permit period) and does not require burdensome, non-compliance procedures after the permit period ends. The monthly scheme is characterized by a short permit period and a grace period for compliance. This study examines how these two schemes affect participants' behavior on the quota exchange. The empirical results show evidence of the influence of different schemes on farmers' behaviours regarding the quota exchange. As a conclusion, the paper recommends the use of a permit trading mechanism with a longer permit period and without a grace period for the design of a carbon trading system. The results support Barichello (2002), who developed the Canadian domestic permit trading scheme on the basis of receiving an offset from agricultural soil carbon sinks.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis seeks to answer the question - 'To what extent did Scotland's membership that trading system, later dubbed 'mercantilism', dictate the course and direction of her maritime institutions and shipping industry? ' Its resolution sets four primary objectives. Firstly, to set Scottish maritime affairs in context with the evolving political, economic and administrative aspects of the system. Secondly, to evaluate the impact of the Union and the imposition of the English customs model on the emerging Scottish shipping industry. Thirdly, to analyse the role played by the endemic warfare and smuggling inherent to the sytem contributed, in the growth rate and shift in the regional distribution of the components of the Scottish marine - 'foreign', coastal' and fisheries'. Fourly, to review the influence of the system on the regional development of navigational aids, port facilities and shipbuilding. The unresolved status of Scotland as an independent trading nation resulted in retaliatory Navigation Acts and aggressive acts that dispelled the prospect of a peaceful co-existence with England. The Union resolved this impasse granting full access rights to Scottish shippers re-registering under the British Navigation Acts. By the 1730s the nucleus of expertise and hulls had been accumulated to exploit the Scottish ports' locational advantage in the Atlantic economy. After 1750 the bounty system nurtured the Scottish herring and whaling industries. The American War of Independence breached the Navigation Acts while stimulating the shipbuilding industry. The subsequent Act of Registry (1786) set new standards in maritime administration. The following Consolidation Act (1787) removed many of the disincentives from the existing fiscal regime. The mode of operation of the Scottish shipping industry was significantly altered thereafter.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität Bonn.