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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / The MESSENGER mission to Mercury will downlink data files via a protocol defined by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) called the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP). A reduced implementation of the protocol was developed for the spacecraft due to various system constraints and operational requirements. The software operates in conjunction with the playback features of the MESSENGER flight software allowing for the autonomous downlinking of files as well as providing for the management of the file system by the mission operations team. This paper presents the software implementation, metrics, and the lessons learned.

Transfer theory proposes that language learners rely on knowledge of a previous language to acquire a new language and that they base their learning on past experiences and information. The assumption is that there is transfer of knowledge from adult learners’ L1 to their L2 (Odlin 1989; Kecskes and Papp 2000; Koike and Flanzer 2004). This study analyses the transfer of pragmatic knowledge in request and apology situations from L1 or L2 to L3: here he L1 is English, the L2 is Hindi, the national language of India and the L3 is Spanish. There are three groups of participants in the study: high school students of Spanish in the U.S. who are heritage speakers of Hindi; high school students of Spanish whose L1 is English; and high school students in India whose L1 is Hindi. This study investigates language acquisition patterns of Hindi- and Englishspeaking bilingual students studying Spanish and compares them to those of native English-speaking students learning Spanish to determine if the students’ knowledge of Hindi affects their production of Spanish speech acts. It specifically targets the transfer of pragmatic knowledge in request and apology situations from L1 English or L2 Hindi to L3 Spanish. The results demonstrate that learners perceived a great degree of typological distance between Hindi and Spanish. This perceived distance might be the reason why only scant evidence of transfer of pragmatic knowledge from the L2 of the bilingual speakers to their L3 is evident. However, a greater degree of transfer from the learners’ L1 English to their L3 Spanish was demonstrated by the heritage Hindi speakers. The limited amount of transfer from L2 Hindi to L3 Spanish that is evidenced can be attributed to the fact that Hindi heritage speakers have lived in the US longer than they have lived (if ever) in India, which has led them to be affected by U.S. culture. A strong desire for assimilation, which is often expressed by high school students, could also be an important factor leading to more transfer from learner’s L1 English to their L3 Spanish as they would probably reject their heritage language Hindi in favor of their native or adopted language, English. / text

<p>In gas quenching, metal parts are rapidly cooled from hightemperatures, and the convection heat transfer coefficientdistributions are of importance for the hardness and thedistortion (the shape nonuniformities) of the quenched parts.Thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC) and a thin foil techniques,were investi- gated and used for studies of a circular cylinderin axial flows, affected and not affected by upstream owmodifying inserts. Quadratic prisms in cross ows were alsostudied, a single prism, two prisms arranged in-line, and forfour prisms arranged in a square pattern. In this study,particle image velocime- try (PIV) was used for visualizationof the flow, giving physical insight to the convection heattransfer data. Further, relations of the type<i>Nu</i>=<i>CRe</i><i>e</i>were established. The TLC and thin foil techniques werealso used to indicate the dimensions of separated flowregions.</p><p><b>Descriptors:</b>Fluid mechanics, wind-tunnel, turbulence,gas quenching, con- vection heat transfer, thermochromic liquidcrystals, calibration, temperature measurement errors, thinfoils, particle image velocimetry, cylinder in axial flow, flowmodifying inserts, quadratic prisms in cross flow</p>

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