La protéine kinase C alpha (PKCα) est une sérine/thréonine kinase ubiquitaire. Elle intervient dans la régulation de différentes fonctions cellulaires en interagissant avec de nombreuses protéines. Parmi ces dernières, nous avons réussi à identifier Trm61, la sous-unité catalytique de la m1A58 ARNt méthyltransférase qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la stabilité de l'ARNtiMet. Les études de localisation de PKCα et des deux sous-unités Trm6 et Trm61 ont permis de démonter que ces deux sous-unités ne partagent pas toujours les mêmes compartiments cellulaires : si la sous-unité Trm6 est toujours nucléaire, la Trm61 est pancellulaire et se co-localise avec PKCα dans le cytoplasme. Nous avons apporté la preuve que l'augmentation de l'expression de PKCα entraîne une diminution de Trm61, alors que la diminution de l'expression de PKCα s'accompagne d'une augmentation aussi bien de Trm61 que d'ARNtiMet et se traduit par une importante augmentation de la prolifération à forte densité cellulaire. Ce travail a permis également de démontrer que la sous-unité Trm61 est essentielle pour la survie des cellules C6. La surexpression de Trm6 et/ou de Trm61 a permis de pointer la Trm6 comme le déterminant essentiel du niveau de la m1A58 ARNt méthyltransférase fonctionnelle et de suggérer un rôle secondaire de Trm61 cytoplasmique dans la régulation de la prolifération de façon indépendante de l'action du complexe Trm6-Trm61. De façon intéressante, les gliomes de bas grade présentent des taux plus élevés d'ARNm PKCα que les glioblastomes et inversement pour les taux des ARNm TRM6 et TRM61, apportant un argument en faveur de la relevance de nos observations dans la tumorigenèse gliale humaine. / Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase. It is involved in the regulation of various cellular functions by interacting with many intracellular proteins. Among these, we were able to identify Trm61, the catalytic subunit of the tRNA m1A58 methyltransferase which plays an essential role in the stability of the tRNAiMet. Localization studies of PKCα, Trm6 and Trm61 demonstrated that these two subunits do not always share the same subcellular compartment: while Trm6 is strictly nuclear, Trm61 is both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm where it co-localizes with PKCα. We also provided the evidence that the increased expression of PKCα induces a decrease in that of Trm61, while reduced PKCα expression is accompanied by an increase in both Trm61 and tRNAiMet levels. These changes in expression are accompanied by a significant increase in cell proliferation at high-density. This work has also shown that Trm61 subunit is essential for the survival of the C6 glioma cell line. Our results suggest that Trm6 is the essential determinant of functional tRNA m1A58 methyltransferase level and we discuss the possibility of a secondary role for cytoplasmic Trm61 in the regulation of the proliferation independently of Trm6-Trm61 action. Interestingly, human grade II and III gliomas expressed higher levels of PKCα mRNA than glioblastomas and inversely for TRM6 and TRM61 mRNA levels, arguing for a relevance of our observations for human gliomagenesis.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) account for a higher percent of the genome than coding mRNAs, and are implicated in human disease such as cancer, neurological, cardiac and many others. While the majority of ncRNAs involved in disease were originally attributed to a class of RNAs called micro RNAs (miRNAs) with a small size of only about 19 -24 base pairs, emerging research has now demonstrated a class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have a size of over 200 base pairs to be responsible for gene regulation and other functional roles and have also found to contribute to pathogenesis in humans. The increased size and structural complexity require novel tools to study their interactions beyond RNA interference. Synthetic antibodies are classic tools and therapeutics utilized to study and treat proteins involved in human disease. Likewise we hypothesize that structured RNAs can also take advantage of synthetic antibodies to probe their functions and be utilized as therapeutics. Currently, antibodies have been raised against microbial riboswitches and other structured RNAs of single-celled organisms, and only one human structured RNA to the best of our knowledge. However, no one has yet to create a synthetic antibody capable of behaving as a therapeutic against a structured RNA. We therefore sought to raise an antibody Fab against a structured RNA, human initiator tRNA, a model oncogenic non-coding RNA and demonstrate its efficacy in vitro. We then characterized the antibody and explored delivery options in cancer cells including the use of nanoparticle delivery systems. With the emerging transcriptome revealing new ncRNAs implicated in human disease, our research has begun to address a new therapeutic strategy, laying down the foundation for the future of structured RNA-targeted therapies.