Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African table grape industry has a very fruitful history. The landscape of the South African table grape industry has changed at a rapid rate since deregulation in 1997. The sustainability of these changes was questioned and created the opportunity for this research. The orientation of this research report outlines the structure to this research. It indicates that the South African table grape industry is experiencing a strong trend of consolidation of the production and exporter base. Economically sustainable growers and marketing companies produce or attract more volumes of table grapes to export to global destinations. The environment provides the background to the South African table grape industry, since deregulation. Five major trends in this industry are important to mention and give perspective to the research question, namely: - The number of producers has declined at a rapid rate (about 52%) since deregulation. - Traditional production regions like the Berg and Hex River have become less important due to the timing of product supplied to the market. New geographic production regions have grown in importance, like the Orange River and Northern Province. - Production volumes of table grapes have slowed down over the last ten years and in certain regions have become stagnant. - The cultivar spectrum of table grapes has changed from seeded grape that is marginal to the market to a seedless product that earns premiums in the market. - There has been a shift in marketing of table grapes from Western countries like the UK and EU to Eastern countries. There are also certain factors that have a profound impact on the South African table grape industry, namely economic, environmental, political, social and global factors, which required further investigation. The evaluation of trends in the industry and the factors that affect the industry revealed the problem statement for this research and set the foundation for the research question. The research question of this study is: What are the distinguishable marketing models currently used by South African exporters and how sustainable is each model? The research methodology demonstrates that the South African table grapes industry is split into two dominant marketing models, which are the marketing agent and the grower-exporter model. A marketing model metrics was designed, based on literature and consultations with industry experts via a questionnaire, to evaluate the economic, social and environmental sustainability of these two marketing models. The method of data analysis was a qualitative investigation into the sustainability of marketing models that exist in the South African table grape industry. The structure of the holistic marketing dimension model which was used has the following four dimensions (Kotler & Keller, 2009:61): -Relationship marketing - Performance marketing - Integrated marketing - Internal marketing. Semi-structured interviews were held with six different marketing entities in the South African table grape industry, which represented 40 percent of the total population. The interviews were held by utilising a discussion guide that comprised of standard questions to all the interviewees. The information gathered from the interviews was used to design a conceptual marketing model, with the main objective of being sustainable on an economic, social and environmental level. This relevance and practicality of this conceptual marketing model was tested against a grower-exporter model in the South African table grape industry, called Angon Fruit. The findings of this research report focused on the triple bottom-line approach of building economic, social and environmental capital. The economic sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - Grower-exporter model is a more sustainable marketing model, due to low cost operations. -Marketing agent model should have a definite competitive advantage, to justify relevance in the cost-chain. - Sustainable market share in volume of table grapes to export by a marketing company is five percent. - Prices paid to growers by a marketing company should keep track of inflation on inputs and a ten percent premium earned on top of the production cost is regarded as sustainable. - A sustainable commission percentage charged by marketing companies should not exceed five percent of free on board (FOB) value at Cape Town port. - Growers need to replace marginal seeded cultivars with premium seedless cultivars that are high in demand in global markets. - Marketing companies should supply table grapes at a split of 50 percent to Western countries and 50 percent to Eastern countries. - The sustainability of the Berg and Hex River production regions is at risk, due to global competitions from South American countries. The South African table grape industry revealed the following social sustainability findings: - A marketing company should have a social policy, which governs social responsibility projects (CSI). - The marketing company should be involved one major project instead of a few smaller projects. - Corporate social investment (CSI) projects should aim to provide the opportunity to improve education and training, improve health status and to develop sport among the youth. - The marketing company should not invest in CSI projects if the economic sustainability is at risk. The objective is to invest five percent of net profit in CSI projects, annually. Environmental sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - A marketing company should have an environmental policy. - The company should measure its carbon and water footprint at least every two years, with the objective to reduce or optimise the level of use. - The company should embrace and implement green technology that utilises renewable energy to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and coal-generated electricity. - The use of water should be optimised, through implementation of advanced technology. - The marketing company should adopt the practice of recycling. The conclusion to this research report is that the table grape industry is still economically sustainable, however more work can be done on the social and environmental sustainability. Finally, ten recommendations are made to the South African table grape industry to consider from a sustainability perspective. Companies can consider implementing these best practices into their marketing of table grapes.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grape quality is important for the producer, exporter and the consumer. Consumers judge table grapes according to their size, colour, taste and shelf life. The consumer’s prerequisites will influence the producer. Therefore, it is essential to know how the table grape berry develops so that it can be manipulated, favouring the postharvest quality and shelf life. This study was performed on Prime and Crimson Seedless, both grafted onto Ramsey, in the Paarl district of South Africa. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify table grape berry development and compositional changes taking place throughout growth and ripening. The effect of sugar:acid ratio on postharvest shelf life was also evaluated. To evaluate whether berry size influenced the measured development parameters, three berry sizes were induced for both cultivars by using plant bioregulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfenuron – synthetic cytokinin (CPPU) or girdling. The following sizes were obtained for Prime: (i) small berries (<20 mm) with no treatment, which acted as the control; (ii) medium berries (20-24 mm) obtained by 15 ppm GA3 application at 8 mm berry size; (iii) large berries (>24 mm) obtained by combination of 15 ppm GA3 and 1 ppm CPPU application at 8 mm berry size. Crimson Seedless berry sizes were as follows: (i) small berries (<18 mm) with no treatment, which acted as the control; (ii) medium berries (18-22 mm) treated with 10 ppm GA3 at 7 mm berry size; (iii) large berries (>22 mm) treated with 10 ppm GA3 and vines were girdled at 7 mm berry size. To evaluate the effect of sugar:acid ratio on postharvest shelf life, grapes were stored for five weeks at -0.5 ˚C and another week at 7.5˚C. The bunches were evaluated for loose berries, browning, soft tissue breakdown, decay and berry split. The following components were analysed for both cultivars to determine changes in berry composition throughout the season: berry fresh weight, total soluble solids (TSS), glucose, fructose, titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid, malic acid, abscisic acid (ABA) and total phenols. Total and individual anthocyanins were analysed for Crimson Seedless. Differences were obtained for the three berry sizes for both cultivars. Véraison, representing the start of ripening, started at the same time in successive seasons: 21 days after pea size berry (5 mm berry diameter) for Prime and 28 days after pea size berry (5 mm berry diameter) for Crimson Seedless. A lag stage was not observed, at seven day sampling intervals, for either of the cultivars. Components such as TSS, glucose, fructose and TA content per berry were influenced by berry size in either one or in both seasons for both cultivars. Significant changes in component concentration were detected at the start of, or around véraison. Sugar concentrations (TSS) already started to increase for both cultivars before the start of véraison. At véraison, concentrations of glucose, fructose and ABA increased while concentrations of TA, tartaric acid, malic acid and total phenols decreased. Total anthocyanins in Crimson Seedless started to increase one week after véraison commenced. The main anthocyanin found in Crimson Seedless was peonidin-3-glucoside. During ripening a 1:1 glucose:fructose ratio was detected in both cultivars. Prime tartaric:malic acid ratio was lower than Crimson Seedless tartaric:malic acid ratio in both seasons. Tartaric acid was the main organic acid found in Prime, while malic acid was the main organic acid found in Crimson Seedless. No significant differences were found in the postharvest defects between the different berry sizes. However, tendencies for differences were observed which led to the assumption that medium size berries were more prone to loose berries in both cultivars. Large berries showed a higher percentage berry split for both cultivars. Crimson Seedless second harvest date took place 24 hours after rainfall which could have very likely led to the higher percentages berry defects compared to the first season. Greater berry decay was found with later harvest dates for both cultivars. No significant differences were found for the TSS:TA ratio between the three berry sizes for both cultivars. Postharvest defects were therefore found not only to be influenced by TSS:TA ratio but rather by harvest date and packing procedures. Environmental conditions prior to harvest also had an impact on postharvest shelf life. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Druif kwaliteit is belangrik vir die produsent, uitvoerder en verbruiker. Tafeldruiwe word gekeur deur die verbruiker volgens grootte, kleur, smaak en raklewe. Die verbruiker se voorkeure sal dus die produsent beïnvloed. Daarom is dit belangrik om te weet hoe tafeldruiwe ontwikkel ten einde korrelsamestelling te manipuleer om na-oes kwaliteit en raklewe te kan bevoordeel. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer op Prime en Crimson Seedless, beide geënt op Ramsey, in die Paarl distrik van Suid Afrika. Die doel van die studie is om vas te stel hoe korrelsamestelling gedurende groei en rypwording verander. Die effek van suiker:suurverhouding op na-oes raklewe is ook geëvalueer. Om te kan meet of korrel grootte die gemete parameter beïnvloed is drie korrelgroottes verkry vir albei kultivars deur die gebruik van plant bioreguleerders, te wete gibbereliensuur (GA3) en sintetiese sitokiniene (CPPU), of ringelering. Die volgende korrelgroottes is verkry vir Prime: (i) klein korrels (<20 mm) d.m.v. geen behandeling, geklassifiseerd as kontrole; (ii) medium korrels (20-24 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 15 dpm GA3 behandeling by 8 mm korrelgrootte; (iii) groot korrels (>24 mm) d.m.v. ‘n kombinasie van 15 dpm GA3 en 1 dpm CPPU by 8 mm korrelgrootte. Crimson Seedless korrelgroottes was soos volg: (i) klein korrels (<18 mm) d.m.v. geen behandeling, wat as kontrole gedien het; (ii) medium korrels (18-22 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 10 dpm GA3 behandeling by 7 mm korrelgrootte; (iii) groot korrels (>22 mm) d.m.v. ‘n 10 dpm GA3 behandeling en gelyktydige ringelering by 7 mm korrelgrootte. Om die effek van suiker:suur verhouding op na-oes houvermoë te kon evalueer was druiwe gestoor vir vyf weke by -0.5˚C en ‘n verdere week by 7˚C. Die trosse is geëvalueer vir loskorrels, verbruining, sagte weefsel afbreek, verval en korrelbars. Die volgende komponente is geanaliseer vir albei kultivars om veranderinge in korrelsamestelling gedurende die seisoen te bepaal: vars korrelgewig, totale oplosbare vaste stowwe (suikerinhoud), glukose, fruktose, titreerbare sure, wynsteensuur, appelsuur, absisiensuur en totale fenole. Die totale en individuele antosianiene is ook vir Crimson Seedless gemeet. Beduidende verskille tussen die drie korrelgroottes vir albei kultivars is verkry. Deurslaan, naamlik die begin van rypwording, het op dieselfde dag in opeenvolgende seisoene plaasgevind: 21 dae na ertjiekorrel grootte (5 mm korrel deursnee) vir Prime en 28 dae na ertjiekorrel grootte (5 mm korrel deursnee) vir Crimson Seedless. In teenstelling met die tipiese korrel ontwikkelingspatroon is ‘n rusfase nie waargeneem by beide kultivars nie. Komponente soos suikerinhoud, glukose, fruktose en titreerbare suur inhoud per korrel is deur korrelgrootte beïnvloed in een of albei seisoene vir beide kultivars. Suiker konsentrasie van albei kultivars het reeds voor deurslaan begin toeneem. By deurslaan het die konsentrasies van glukose, fruktose en absisiensuur inhoud toegeneem, terwyl die konsentraies van titreerbare sure, wynsteensuur, appelsuur en totale fenole gedaal het. Totale antosianiene in Crimson Seedless het ‘n week na deurslaan begin toeneem. Die hoof antosianien in Crimson Seedless is peonidien-3-glukosied. Gedurende rypwording was daar ‘n 1:1 glukose:fruktose verhouding gevind vir beide kultivars. In terme van sure is Prime se wynsteensuur:appelsuur verhouding laer as in Crimson Seedless vir albei seisoene. Wynsteensuur is die hoof organiese suur in Prime terwyl appelsuur die hoof organiese suur in Crimson Seedless is. Geen betekenisvolle verskille vir na-oes houvermoë tussen korrelgroottes is waargeneem vir beide kultivars nie. Daar was egter tendense wat aanleiding gegee het in die aanname dat medium grootte korrels geneig is tot loskorrels in albei kultivars. Groot korrels het ‘n hoër korrelbars persentasie getoon vir beide kultivars. Crimson Seedless se tweede oes het plaasgevind 24 uur na reënval, wat aanleiding gegee het tot hoër persentasies korrelbederf. Hoër persentasie korrelbederf was ook gevind met later oesdatums. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind vir suiker:suur verhouding tussen die drie korrelgroottes vir beide kultivars nie. Dus word na-oes houvermoë nie net deur suiker:suur verhouding beïnvloed nie, maar ook deur oestyd en verpakkingsprodsedures. Omgewingsomstandighede voor oes kan ook na-oes houvermoë beïnvloed.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The two white seedless table grape cultivars, Regal Seedless and Thompson Seedless fulfil a very important role in securing foreign income not only for the South African table grape industry, but the South African economy as a whole. These two cultivars, however, are like so many other white table grape cultivars, also prone to browning, especially netlike browning on Regal Seedless and internal browning on Thompson Seedless grapes. This leads to huge financial losses every year, since there is no established way to assess at harvest, during storage or during packaging, whether the grapes will eventually turn brown. In other words, there is no well-known protocol of assessing the browning risk of a particular batch of grapes prior to export. Numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the exact cause of browning and how it should be managed, but to date, no chemical or physical parameter has been firmly associated with the phenomenon. The overall aim of this study was thus to find an alternative way to deal with the problem by investigating the potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a fast, non-destructive measurement technique to determine the browning potential of whole white seedless table grapes. A secondary aim was the determination of optimal ripeness of table grapes. In this way harvest maturity and quality indicative parameters namely total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, glucose and fructose, also associated with the browning phenomenon, was quantified using models based on infrared spectra. Three different techniques (a) Fourier transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR), (b) Fourier transform – Mid Infrared (FT-MIR) and (c) Fourier transform – Mid Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-MIR ATR) spectroscopy were investigated to determine these parameters. This was done so that a platform of different technologies would be available to the table grape industry. The grapes used in this study were harvested over two years (2008 and 2009) and were sourced from two different commercial vineyards in the Hex River valley, Western Cape, South Africa. Different crop loads (the total amount of bunches on the vines per hectare) were left for Regal Seedless (75 000, 50 000 and 35 000) and for Thompson Seedless (75 000 and 50 000). Three rows were used for Regal Seedless and two rows for Thompson Seedless. Each row had six sections which each represented a repetition for each crop load. In 2008 these cultivars were harvested early at 16°Brix, at optimum ripeness (18°Brix) and late at 20°Brix. In 2009 they were harvested twice at the optimum ripeness level. Berries from harvested bunches were crushed and the juice was used to determine the reference values for the different parameters in the laboratory according to their specific methods. The obtained juice was also scanned on the three different instruments. Different software (OPUS 6.5 for the FT-NIR and FT-MIR ATR instruments and Unscrambler version 9.2 for the FT-MIR instrument) as well as different spectral pre-processing techniques were also evaluated before construction of the models for all the instruments. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used for the construction of the different calibration models. Different regression statistics, that included the root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP); the coefficient of determination (R2); the residual prediction deviation (RPD) and the bias were used to evaluate the performance of the developed calibration models. Calibration models which are fit for screening purposes were obtained on the FT-NIR and FTMIR ATR instruments for TSS (11.40 - 21.80°Brix) (R2 = 85.92%, RMSEP = 0.71 °Brix RPD = 2.67 and bias = 0.03°Brix), pH (2.94 - 3.9) (R2 = 85.00%, RMSEP = 0.08 RPD = 2.59 and bias = -0.01) and TA (4.3 - 13.1 g/L), (R2 = 90.77%, RMSEP = 0.48 g/L RPD = 3.30 and bias = -0.03 g/L). Models for fructose (46.70 – 176.82 g/L) (R2 = 74.66%, RMSEP = 9.28 g/L RPD = 2.00 and bias = 1.10 g/L) and glucose (20.36 – 386.67 g/L) (R2 = 70.71%, RMSEP = 11.10 g/L RPD = 1.87 and bias = 1.64 g/L) were obtained with the FT-NIR and FT-MIR ATR instruments that were in some instances fit for screening purposes and in some instances unsuitable for quantification purposes. The FT-MIR instrument gave models for all the parameters that were not yet suitable for quantification purposes. Combined spectral ranges used for calibration were often similar for some parameters, namely 12 493 - 5 446.2 for TSS and pH, 6 101.9 - 5 446.2 for TSS, TA and fructose and 4 601.5 - 4 246.7 for pH and fructose on the FT-NIR instrument, 2 993.2 - 2 322.3 for pH, TA and glucose and 1 654.3 - 649.4 for pH and glucose on the FT-MIR ATR instrument and sometimes they were adjacent (3 996.6 - 3 661.2, 3 663.5 - 3 327.7 and 3 327.2 - 2 322.3 for TSS and glucose, 1 988.3 - 1 652.8 and 1 654.3 - 649.4 for TSS, pH and TA. Other times they were overlapping (1 654.3 - 649.4 and 1 318.8 - 649.4) for pH, TA and fructose on the FT-MIR ATR instrument. This is a very good sign for transfer of this technology to a handheld device, where adjacent and/ or overlapping wavenumbers are crucial. Instruments which have to determine different parameters over large spectral ranges are not only impractical, because the instrument has to be big, but because it is also very expensive. Another advantage of implementing especially FT-NIR spectroscopy as a fast, accurate and inexpensive technique for determining harvest maturity and quality parameters is because no sample preparation is necessary and very little waste (few single berries tested) is produced. This is a pre-requisite which is highly recommended in the green era that we are currently living in and will do so for aeons to come. A platform of technologies has now been made available through this study for the determination of the respective parameters in future table grape samples by just taking their spectra on one of the instruments. Indeed something that has not been possible or available for the South African table grape industry before. Berries for the browning experiments were scanned on a FT-NIR instrument immediately after harvest (before cold storage) and again after cold storage. Before cold storage they were scanned on each side of the berry and after cold storage they were scanned twice on a brown spot if browning was present and twice on a clear spot, irrespective of whether browning was present or not. Inspection of the berries for the incidence of browning after cold storage revealed that Regal Seedless had a higher incidence of browning (68% in 2008 and 66% in 2009) than Thompson Seedless (21% in 2008 and 25% in 2009). Regal Seedless was also more prone to external browning, specifically netlike browning, whereas Thompson Seedless was more prone to internal browning, despite the different phenotypes of browning that were present on both. Principal component analysis (PCA) done on the spectra obtained before and after cold storage revealed that NIR can capture the changes related to cold storage with the first principal components explaining almost 100% of the variation in the spectra. Classification models also build using PCA was based on spectra of berries that remained clear before and after cold storage and those that turned brown after cold storage. Classification models of berries based on spectra obtained after cold storage (browning present) had a better total accuracy (94% for training- and 87% for test datasets), than the classification models based on spectra obtained before cold storage (79% for training- and 64% for test datasets). The implication of this is that the current models will be able to classify berries in terms of those which have turned brown already and those that remained clear better after cold storage than before cold storage, which is the critical stage where we want to actually know whether the berries will turn brown or not. The potential, however, to use NIR spectroscopy to detect browning before harvest already on white seedless grapes is still present, since all these models were built using the whole NIR spectrum. No variable selection was thus done and all the different browning phenotypes were also used together. Further analysis of the data will thus be based on using variable selection techniques like particle swarm optimization (PSO) to select certain wavelengths strongly associated with the browning phenomenon and only on the main types of browning (netlike on Regal Seedless and internal browning on Thompson Seedless). This study has major implications for the table grape industry, since it is the first time that the possibility to predict browning with other methods than visual inspection, especially before cold storage, is shown. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die twee wit pitlose tafeldruif kultivars, Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless onderskeidelik, speel 'n baie belangrike rol in die verkryging van buitelandse inkomste, nie net vir die Suid- Afrikaanse tafeldruif industrie nie, maar ook vir die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie as 'n geheel. Hierdie twee kultivars is egter, soos baie ander wit kultivars, ook geneig tot verbruining. Dit is veral netagtige verbruining op Regal Seedless en interne verbruining op Thompson Seedless wat pertinent is. Hierdie belangrike kwaliteitsprobleme lei jaarliks tot groot finansiële verliese, aangesien daar huidiglik geen gevestigde prosedure is om voor oes, tydens opberging of tydens verpakking te bepaal of die druiwe uiteindelik gaan verbruin nie. Met ander woorde, daar is geen gevestigde protokol vir die beoordeling van die verbruinings risiko van 'n bepaalde groep druiwe voor dit uitgevoer word nie. Talle studies is alreeds onderneem om vas te stel wat die presiese oorsaak van hierdie verskynsel is en hoe dit bestuur moet word, maar geen enkele aspek wat bestudeer is kon tot op hede, herhaaldelik ge-assosieer word met die presiese oorsaak van verbruining nie. Die oorkoepelende doel van hierdie studie was dus om 'n alternatiewe manier te kry om hierdie probleem aan te spreek. ‘n Ondersoek na die potensiaal van naby infrarooi (NIR) spektroskopie as 'n vinnige en nie-vernietigende metings tegniek om die verbruinings potensiaal van ‘n wit pitlose tafeldruifkorrel wat nog heel is te bepaal, is onderneem. 'n Sekondêre doel was om die bepaling van optimale rypheid van tafeldruiwe te onderosek. Op hierdie manier is oesrypheid, en die kwaliteitsfaktore, naamlik totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOVS), titreerbare suur (TS), pH, glukose en fruktose, wat ook gekoppel word aan die voorkoms van verbruining, deur middel van infrarooi (IR) spektroskopie modelle gekwantifiseer. Drie verskillende infrarooi metodes naamlik (a) die Fourier transform naby infrarooi (FT-NIR), (b) Fourier transform - Mid Infrarooi (FT-MIR) en (c) Fourier transform - Mid Infrarooi Verswakte Totale Refleksie (FT-MIR VTR) spektroskopie is gebruik om die aspekte te bepaal. Dis gedoen sodat 'n platform van tegnologie beskikbaar sou wees vir die tafeldruif industrie. Die druiwe wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, is oor twee jaar (2008 en 2009) en van twee verskillende kommersiële wingerde in die Hexriviervallei, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika ge-oes. Verskillende oesladings (die totale aantal trosse op die wingerdstokke per hektaar) is vir Regal Seedless (75 000, 50 000 en 35 000) en Thompson Seedless (75 000 en 50 000) gelaat. Daar is drie rye gebruik Regal Seedless en twee vir Thompson Seedless. Elke ry het ses vakkies gehad wat dan verteenwoordigend was van ‘n herhaling vir elke oeslading. In 2008 is hierdie kultivars by vroeë rypwording (16°Brix), by optimale rypheid (18°Brix) en by laat rypheid (20°Brix) geoes. In 2009 is dit twee keer by die optimale rypheidsgraad geoes. Vir die bepaling van oesrypheid, en die kwaliteitsapekte is verskillende sagteware (OPUS 6.5 op die FT-NIR en FT-MIR VTR instrumente en Unscrambler weergawe 9.2 vir die FT-MIR instrument) sowel as verskillende spektrale voor-verwerking tegnieke ëvalueer voor die konstruksie van die kalibrasie modelle op die verskillende instrumente. Parsiële kleinste kwadraat (PKK) regressie is gebruik vir die opstel van kalibrasiemodelle vir die bepaling van laasgenoemde aspekte. Verskillende statistieke gegewens is gebruik om die kalibrasie modelle te evalueer, naamlik die bepalingskoëffisiënt (R2), die vierkantswortelgemiddelde- kwadraat fout vir voorspelling (VGKV), relatiewe voorspellingsafwyking (RVA) en sydigheid. Kalibrasie modelle wat geskik is vir keuring is verkry op die FT-NIR en FT-MIR VTR instrumente vir TOVS (11.40 – 21.80°Brix) (R2 = 85.92%, VGKV = 0.71°Brix, RVA = 2.67 en sydigheid = 0.03°Brix), pH (2.94 – 3.9) (R2 = 85.00%, VGKV = 0.08 g/L, RVA = 2.59 en sydigheid = -0.01 g/L), en TS (4.3 – 13.1 g/L), (R2 = 90.77%, VGKV = 0.48 g/L RVA = 3.30 en sydigheid = -0.03 g/L). Modelle vir fruktose (46.70-176.82 g/L) (R2 = 74.66%, VGKV = 9.28 g/L RVA = 2.00 en sydigheid = 1.10 g/L) en glukose (20.36 – 386.67 g/L) (R2 = 70.71%, VGKV = 11.10 g/L RVA = 1.87 en sydigheid = 1.64 g/L) is verkry met die FT-NIR en FT-MIR VTR instrumente wat in sommige gevalle gepas was vir keuringsdoeleindes en in sommige gevalle nie geskik was vir kwantifiserings doeleindes nie. Die FT-MIR-instrument het modelle vir al die aspekte gegee wat nog nie vir kwantifiserings doeleindes of vir keuringsdoeleindes geskik was nie. Gekombineerde spektrale reekse is gebruik vir die kalibrasies wat dikwels soortgelyk was vir sommige aspekte naamlik 12 493 - 5 446.2 vir TOVS en pH, 6 101.9 - 5 446,2 vir TOVS, TS en fruktose en 4 601.5 - 4 246.7 vir pH en fruktose op die FT-NIR instrument, 2 993.2 - 2 322.3 vir pH, TA en glukose en 1 654.3 – 649.4 vir pH en glukose op die FT-MIR VTR instrument. Andersyds, was dit aangrensend (3 996.6 - 3 661.2, 3 663.5 - 3 327.7 en 3 327.2 - 2 322.3) vir TOVS en glukose, 1 988.3 - 1 652.8, 1 654.3 – 649.4 vir TOVS, pH en TS en ander tye was dit weer oorvleuelend 1 654.3 – 649.4 en 1 318.8 – 649.4 vir pH, TS en fruktose op die FT-MIR VTR instrument. Dit is 'n baie goeie teken vir die oordrag van hierdie tegnologie na ‘n handgedraagde instrument, waar aanliggende en/of oorvleuelende golfnommers noodsaaklik is. Instrumente wat verskillende aspekte oor groot spektrale reekse moet bepaal is nie net onprakties, omdat die instrument groot moet wees nie, maar dit is ook baie duur. Nog 'n voordeel van die implementering van veral FT-NIR spektroskopie as 'n vinnige, akkurate en goedkoop tegniek vir die bepaling van oesrypheid, en die kwaliteit aspekte van druiwe is omdat daar geen monster voorbereiding nodig is nie en baie min afval (paar enkele korrels word gemonster) geproduseer word. 'n Voorvereiste wat sterk aanbeveel kom in die groen era waarin ons tans leef en nog vir eeue van nou af gaan doen. ‘n Platform van tegnologie is nou beskikbaar gestel deur middel van hierdie studie vir die bepaling van die onderskeie aspekte in toekomstige tafeldruif monsters deur net op een van die instrumente hulle spektra te neem. Inderdaad iets wat nie voorheen moontlik of beskikbaar was vir die Suid- Afrikaanse tafeldruif industrie nie. Korrels vir die verbruiningseksperimente is geskandeer direk na oes (voor koelopberging) en weer na koelopberging. Dit was voor koelopberging op elke kant van die korrel skandeer en na koelopberging was dit twee maal skandeer op 'n bruin vlek indien verbruining teenwoordig was en twee keer op 'n helder plek, ongeag of verbruining teenwoordig was of nie. Inspeksie van die korrels vir die voorkoms van verbruining na koelopberging het aan die lig gebring dat Regal Seedless 'n hoër voorkoms van verbruining (68% in 2008 en 66% in 2009) as Thompson Seedless (21% in 2008 en 25% in 2009) gehad het. Regal Seedless was ook meer geneig om eksterne verbruining, spesifiek netagtige verbruining te vertoon, terwyl Thompson Seedless meer geneig was om interne verbruining te vertoon, ten spyte van die verskillende fenotipes van verbruining wat teenwoordig was op beide kultivars. Hoofkomponente analise (HKA) is op die spektra gedoen voor en na koelopberging en naby infrarooi spektroskopie het aan die lig gebring dat die veranderinge wat verband hou met koelopberging met die eerste hoofkomponent (HK) verduidelik kan word met byna 100% van die variasie in die spektra wat daarin vasgevang is. Klassifikasiemodelle is ook deur die gebruik van HKA gebou en was gebaseer op die spektra van korrels wat vekry is voor en na koelopberging asook die wat verkry is nadat korrels verbruin het na koelopberging. Klassifikasiemodelle van korrels wat gebaseer was op spektra na koelopberging (verbruining teenwoordig) het 'n beter algehele akkuraatheid (94% vir opleidingsdata en 87% vir toetsdata), getoon as die klassifikasiemodelle wat gebaseer was op spektra van korrels voor koelopberging (79% vir opleidings data en 64% vir toetsdata). Die implikasie hiervan is dat die huidige modelle in staat sal wees om korrels beter te klassifiseer in terme van diegene wat alreeds verbruin het en die wat nie verbruin het na koelopberging as daardie voor koelopberging, wat juis die kritieke stadium is waar ons wil weet of die korrels wel gaan verbruin of nie. Daar is wel potensiaal wat verder ontgin kan word, aangesien al hierdie modelle gebou is deur gebruik te maak van die hele NIR spektrum. Geen veranderlike seleksie is dus gedoen nie en al die verskillende verbruiningsfenotipes is ook saam gebruik in die opstel van die modelle. Verdere analise van die data sal dus gebaseer word op die gebruik van veranderlike seleksie tegnieke soos deeltjie swerm optimisasie (DSO) wat sekere golflengtes kies wat sterk verband hou met die verbruining verskynsel en slegs die belangrikste tipes van verbruining (netagtig op Regal Seedless en interne verbruining op Thompson Seedless) sal gebruik word. Hierdie studie het 'n baie belangrike implikasie vir die tafeldruifbedryf, want dit is die eerste keer dat die moontlikheid om verbruining te voorspel met ander metodes as visuele inspeksie, veral voor koelopberging, getoon word. / The Postharvest and Innovation Programme, for financing this study

A \'Niágara Rosada\' (Vitis labrusca) é a principal cultivar de mesa produzida no Estado de São Paulo. Esta cultivar apresenta maior rusticidade e menor custo de produção em relação às cultivares de uva fina (Vitis vinifera L.) por ser mais resistente às doenças fúngicas, ter menor custo com mão-de-obra e insumos, pelo menor número de pulverizações e pela ausência de alguns tratos culturais. No Estado de São Paulo, sua produção concentra-se, principalmente, nos Escritórios de Desenvolvimento Rural (EDR) de Campinas, Itapetininga e Jales, e é cultivada sob diferentes sistemas de produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica da cultivar \'Niágara Rosada\' nos principais EDRs produtores do Estado de São Paulo. Para isso, foram realizados painéis e estudos de caso com produtores para elaboração do custo de produção, rentabilidade da cultura e análise de investimento, para o ano de 2012, nas diferentes regiões produtoras. No EDR de Campinas, foi avaliado o período de safra principal e temporã, no qual o Custo Total (CT) foi R$ 1,57 por quilo, com uma Receita Líquida Total (RLT) de R$ 0,89 por quilo de uva. Ao considerar apenas a safra principal do EDR de Campinas, a queda na produção elevou o custo e diminuiu a rentabilidade de forma que o CT foi de R$ 1,81 por quilo e a RLT de R$ 0,17 por quilo. No EDR de Itapetininga, para a safra principal, o CT calculado no painel foi de R$ 1,33 por quilo, e a RLT foi de R$ 0,47 por quilo, enquanto que para a safra temporã, a menor produtividade elevou o CT para R$ 2,04 por quilo, mas o melhor preço de venda proporcionou uma RLT de R$ 0,75 por quilo. No EDR de Jales, o CT foi R$ 2,36 por quilo, contudo o elevado preço de venda na entressafra paulista gerou uma RLT de R$ 083 por quilo. Na análise de investimento ao longo de oito anos de produção, considerando-se o valor da terra, o EDR de Campinas apresentou o menor Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), de R$ 12.142,02 por hectare, com uma Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 3% ao ano e um payback anualizado de oito anos. No EDR de Itapetininga, considerou-se a média de custos e receitas entre as duas safras (principal e temporã), e o VPL resultante foi de R$ 28.313,03 por hectare e a TIR de 8% ao ano, com um payback anualizado no sexto ano de produção. No EDR de Jales, por conta dos preços de venda elevados obtidos na entressafra, o VPL foi o mais elevado, com R$ 97.596,77 por hectare, TIR de 14% ao ano e payback anualizado em cinco anos. Com base nos resultados foi possível verificar que a atividade é rentável, independente do sistema de condução e possui retorno positivo nos moldes da agricultura familiar, apesar de cada EDR possuir suas características tanto para a produção quanto para a comercialização da uva \'Niágara Rosada\' que exigem conhecimento da cultura e boa gestão da propriedade por conta dos viticultores. / The \'Niagara Rosada\' (Vitis labrusca) is the main cultivar of table grape produced in São Paulo State. This cultivar is rustic and has lower production cost than other grapes cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.). In São Paulo State, its production is concentrated in the Rural Development Offices (RDO) of Campinas, Itapetininga and Jales, and this grape has been cultivated in different production systems. This work aims to analyze the economic viability of \'Niagara Rosada\' at main RDO producers of São Paulo State. Therefore, panels and case studies were made with grape growers to assess the production cost and to calculate profitability and investment analysis for the crop. At Campinas RDO, the main season and the second season were evaluated, and the Total Cost (TC) obtained was R$ 1.57 per kilo, with R$ 0.89 per kilo of Total Net Revenue (TNR). Considering only the Campinas RDO main season, the decrease of grape production increased the production cost and reduced profitability, the TC reached was R$ 1.81 per kilo and TNR R$ 0.17 per kilo. At Itapetininga RDO main season, the TC calculated in the panel was R$ 1.33 per kilo, and the TNR was R$ 0.47 per kilo. Meanwhile, at second season, the lower productivity increased TC to R$ 2.04 per kilo, but the higher price caused a TNR of R$ 0.75 per kilo. At Jales RDO, TC was increased to R$ 2.36 per kilo, however the high selling prices in the off-season in São Paulo State resulted in TNR of R$ 0.83 per kilo. For the investment analysis during eight producing years, considering the land value, Campinas RDO showed the lowest Net Present Value (NPV), R$ 12,142.02 by hectare, with an Intern Rate Return (IRR) of 3% by year and discounted payback of eight years. At Itapetininga RDO, was considered a cost and revenue average between two seasons (main and second) and NPV obtained was R$ 28,313.03 per hectare and IRR of 8% by year, with a discounted payback at the sixth year of production. At Jales RDO, due high selling prices, the NPV was the highest, R$ 97,596.77 per hectare, 14% of IRR by year and discounted payback at five years. According to the results, it was possible to conclude that grape production is profitable, despite the production system, and has a positive return for familiar agriculture. Despite that, each RDO has its own characteristics in terms of production and commercialization of grapes, requiring knowledge and good management by the grape growers.

A \'Niágara Rosada\' (Vitis labrusca) é a principal cultivar de mesa produzida no Estado de São Paulo. Esta cultivar apresenta maior rusticidade e menor custo de produção em relação às cultivares de uva fina (Vitis vinifera L.) por ser mais resistente às doenças fúngicas, ter menor custo com mão-de-obra e insumos, pelo menor número de pulverizações e pela ausência de alguns tratos culturais. No Estado de São Paulo, sua produção concentra-se, principalmente, nos Escritórios de Desenvolvimento Rural (EDR) de Campinas, Itapetininga e Jales, e é cultivada sob diferentes sistemas de produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica da cultivar \'Niágara Rosada\' nos principais EDRs produtores do Estado de São Paulo. Para isso, foram realizados painéis e estudos de caso com produtores para elaboração do custo de produção, rentabilidade da cultura e análise de investimento, para o ano de 2012, nas diferentes regiões produtoras. No EDR de Campinas, foi avaliado o período de safra principal e temporã, no qual o Custo Total (CT) foi R$ 1,57 por quilo, com uma Receita Líquida Total (RLT) de R$ 0,89 por quilo de uva. Ao considerar apenas a safra principal do EDR de Campinas, a queda na produção elevou o custo e diminuiu a rentabilidade de forma que o CT foi de R$ 1,81 por quilo e a RLT de R$ 0,17 por quilo. No EDR de Itapetininga, para a safra principal, o CT calculado no painel foi de R$ 1,33 por quilo, e a RLT foi de R$ 0,47 por quilo, enquanto que para a safra temporã, a menor produtividade elevou o CT para R$ 2,04 por quilo, mas o melhor preço de venda proporcionou uma RLT de R$ 0,75 por quilo. No EDR de Jales, o CT foi R$ 2,36 por quilo, contudo o elevado preço de venda na entressafra paulista gerou uma RLT de R$ 083 por quilo. Na análise de investimento ao longo de oito anos de produção, considerando-se o valor da terra, o EDR de Campinas apresentou o menor Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), de R$ 12.142,02 por hectare, com uma Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 3% ao ano e um payback anualizado de oito anos. No EDR de Itapetininga, considerou-se a média de custos e receitas entre as duas safras (principal e temporã), e o VPL resultante foi de R$ 28.313,03 por hectare e a TIR de 8% ao ano, com um payback anualizado no sexto ano de produção. No EDR de Jales, por conta dos preços de venda elevados obtidos na entressafra, o VPL foi o mais elevado, com R$ 97.596,77 por hectare, TIR de 14% ao ano e payback anualizado em cinco anos. Com base nos resultados foi possível verificar que a atividade é rentável, independente do sistema de condução e possui retorno positivo nos moldes da agricultura familiar, apesar de cada EDR possuir suas características tanto para a produção quanto para a comercialização da uva \'Niágara Rosada\' que exigem conhecimento da cultura e boa gestão da propriedade por conta dos viticultores. / The \'Niagara Rosada\' (Vitis labrusca) is the main cultivar of table grape produced in São Paulo State. This cultivar is rustic and has lower production cost than other grapes cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.). In São Paulo State, its production is concentrated in the Rural Development Offices (RDO) of Campinas, Itapetininga and Jales, and this grape has been cultivated in different production systems. This work aims to analyze the economic viability of \'Niagara Rosada\' at main RDO producers of São Paulo State. Therefore, panels and case studies were made with grape growers to assess the production cost and to calculate profitability and investment analysis for the crop. At Campinas RDO, the main season and the second season were evaluated, and the Total Cost (TC) obtained was R$ 1.57 per kilo, with R$ 0.89 per kilo of Total Net Revenue (TNR). Considering only the Campinas RDO main season, the decrease of grape production increased the production cost and reduced profitability, the TC reached was R$ 1.81 per kilo and TNR R$ 0.17 per kilo. At Itapetininga RDO main season, the TC calculated in the panel was R$ 1.33 per kilo, and the TNR was R$ 0.47 per kilo. Meanwhile, at second season, the lower productivity increased TC to R$ 2.04 per kilo, but the higher price caused a TNR of R$ 0.75 per kilo. At Jales RDO, TC was increased to R$ 2.36 per kilo, however the high selling prices in the off-season in São Paulo State resulted in TNR of R$ 0.83 per kilo. For the investment analysis during eight producing years, considering the land value, Campinas RDO showed the lowest Net Present Value (NPV), R$ 12,142.02 by hectare, with an Intern Rate Return (IRR) of 3% by year and discounted payback of eight years. At Itapetininga RDO, was considered a cost and revenue average between two seasons (main and second) and NPV obtained was R$ 28,313.03 per hectare and IRR of 8% by year, with a discounted payback at the sixth year of production. At Jales RDO, due high selling prices, the NPV was the highest, R$ 97,596.77 per hectare, 14% of IRR by year and discounted payback at five years. According to the results, it was possible to conclude that grape production is profitable, despite the production system, and has a positive return for familiar agriculture. Despite that, each RDO has its own characteristics in terms of production and commercialization of grapes, requiring knowledge and good management by the grape growers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 camili_ec_dr_botfca.pdf: 1038671 bytes, checksum: 1a53c411e9d03968dbf9c78cdb7abc49 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Brasil possui vantagens competitivas que, no caso da uva, se resumem na possibilidade de produção e exportação da fruta durante alguns meses, quase sem concorrência. Porém, alguns fatores têm limitado a expansão do cultivo para áreas tropicais, como por exemplo, a baixa produtividade de cultivares pouco adaptados. Assim, este projeto de pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar o efeito da aplicação de novos produtos visando uniformizar a brotação e aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade de bagas do cultivar de uva sem sementes Superior Seedless. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Koshiyama, localizada no município de Juazeiro/BA, no período de 15/05 a 21/09/2006. Com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito do biorregulador Stimulate® (0,009% de cinetina (citocinina), 0,005% de ácido giberélico (GA3), 0,005% de ácido indolilbutírico (IBA-auxina) e 99,981% de ingredientes inertes) e de X-Cyte® (0,04% de cinetina (citocinina) e 99,96% de ingredientes inertes) na uniformidade de brotação e dos biorreguladores Stimulate®, X-Cyte® e N-Large® (4% de ácido giberélico (GA3) e 96% de ingredientes inertes) no desenvolvimento das bagas, foram conduzidos três experimentos. Experimento 1: T1: Dormex® (5%); T2: Dormex® (5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T3: Stimulate® (0,5%); T4: Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T5:Stimulate® (1,0%); T6: Stimulate® (1,0%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T7: X-Cyte® (0,25%); T8: XCyte ® (0,25%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T9: X-Cyte® (0,50%); T10: X-Cyte® (0,50%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T11: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%) e; T12: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®. Experimento 2: T1: Pro-Gibb®; T2: Stimulate® (Dose 1); T3: Stimulate® (Dose 2); T4: Stimulate® (Dose 3); T5: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (Dose Baixa - DB); T6: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (Dose Média - DM); T7: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte®... / Brazil has some competitive advantages in grape production, specially harvesting all-year-around in almost the whole of the country. Therefore, Brazilian fruits can be exported for a few months practically without international competition. However, some factors have been limiting grape growing expansion in tropical areas. For example, low yields of less adapted cultivars. The field trials of this work were performed between May 15th and September 21st 2006, at Koshiyama farm, in Juazeiro municipality (Bahia State / Northeastern Brazil). The main goal was to analyze the effect of new commercial products intended to uniformizar sprouting, increasing yields and berry quality for Superior Seedless grapes. It was evaluated the effect of the following bioregulators in sprouting uniformity: Stimulate® (0,009% de kinetin (cytokinin), 0,005% of gibberellic acid (GA3), 0,005% indolbutiric acid (IBA-auxin); 99,981% of inert ingredients); X-Cyte® (0,04% kinetin (cytokinin) and 99,96% of inert ingredients). Three field trials were also performed, to verify the effect of Stimulate®, X-Cyte® e N-Large® (4% gibberellic acid (GA3) and 96% inert ingredients) on berry development: Trial 1: T1: Dormex® (5%); T2: Dormex® (5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T3: Stimulate® (0,5%); T4: Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T5: Stimulate® (1,0%); T6: Stimulate® (1,0%)+ Nitro Plus 9®; T7: X-Cyte® (0,25%); T8: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T9: X-Cyte® (0,50%); T10: X-Cyte® (0,50%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T11: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%)e; T12: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®. Trial 2: T1: Pro-Gibb®; T2: Stimulate® (Dose 1); T3: Stimulate® (Dose 2); T4: Stimulate® (Dose 3); T5: Pro-Gibb® + XCyte ® (Low Dose - DB); T6: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (Intermediate Dose- DM); T7: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (High Dose- DA); T8: N-Large®; T9: N-Large® + X-Cyte® (DB); T10: N-Large®... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by ADILSON PIMENTEL JUNIOR null (adilson_pimentel@outlook.com) on 2017-04-24T15:46:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO ADILSON.pdf: 1305987 bytes, checksum: 293acd3eea6e3072ca11a7a8d59bf53d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T13:39:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pimenteljunior_a_me_bot.pdf: 1305987 bytes, checksum: 293acd3eea6e3072ca11a7a8d59bf53d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T13:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pimenteljunior_a_me_bot.pdf: 1305987 bytes, checksum: 293acd3eea6e3072ca11a7a8d59bf53d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos sistemas de condução do cordão principal e de porta-enxertos no desenvolvimento vegetativo, na fertilidade de gemas, na produção, nas características físico-químicas dos cachos e bagas e na evolução da maturação da uva ‘Niagara Rosada’. O experimento foi realizado nos ciclos produtivos de 2014 e 2015 no município de São Manuel-SP (22° 44’ S e 48° 34’ O e 740 m). As plantas foram sustentadas em espaldeira baixa no espaçamento de 2,0 x 0,80 m. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, correspondendo aos dois porta-enxertos (‘IAC 766’ e ‘IAC 572’) e dois sistemas de condução do cordão principal (unilateral e bilateral). Foram avaliados o número de gemas do cordão principal e o número de ramos por planta, fertilidade de gemas, comprimento, diâmetro e massa fresca dos mesmos. Durante o ciclo foram avaliadas a duração dos estádios fenológicos e a evolução da maturação das uvas. Na colheita, avaliaram-se: número de cachos por planta, produção; produtividade; massa fresca, comprimento e largura de cachos, bagas e engaços; número de bagas por cacho e relação entre comprimento e largura da baga. O mosto da uva foi avaliado quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, pH e açúcares redutores. De modo geral, o sistema de condução recomendado para produção de uvas com qualidade comercial para a ‘Niagara Rosada’ consiste no cordão bilateral com o porta-enxerto ‘IAC 766’ sustentadas em espaldeira baixa na região centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of training systems main cord and rootstock ‘IAC 766’ and ‘IAC 572’ in the vegetative development, bud fertility, production and the physicochemical characteristics of bunches and berries of grape ‘Niagara Rosada’. The experiment was conducted in the productive cycles of 2014 and 2015 at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences/UNESP, located in São Manuel, SP (22º 44’ S and 48º 34’ W and 740 m). The plants were spaced 2,0 x 0,80 m, in espalier support system low. The treatments consisted of the combination of two rootstocks (‘IAC 766’ and ‘IAC 572’) and two training systems of the main cord (unilateral and bilateral). Were avaluated the bud number of the main cord and the number of branches per plant, the fertility evaluation of bud, length, diameter and fresh weight thereof. During the cycle were evaluated, the duration of phenological stages and the evolution of maturation the grapes. At harvest, were evaluated: number of bunches per plant; production; productivity; fresh weight, length and width of bunches, berries and stems; number of berries per cluster and the relationship between length and width of berry. The must grape was evaluated for soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), relationship SS/AT, pH and reducing sugars. In general, the recommended conduction system for commercial quality grapes for 'Niagara Rosada' consists of the bilateral cord with the 'IAC 766' rootstock, which is supported by a low espalier in the central-western region of the State of São Paulo.

Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Banca: Manuel Abilio de Queiroz / Banca: Teresinha Costa Silveira de Albuquerque / Resumo: O Brasil possui vantagens competitivas que, no caso da uva, se resumem na possibilidade de produção e exportação da fruta durante alguns meses, quase sem concorrência. Porém, alguns fatores têm limitado a expansão do cultivo para áreas tropicais, como por exemplo, a baixa produtividade de cultivares pouco adaptados. Assim, este projeto de pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar o efeito da aplicação de novos produtos visando uniformizar a brotação e aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade de bagas do cultivar de uva sem sementes Superior Seedless. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Koshiyama, localizada no município de Juazeiro/BA, no período de 15/05 a 21/09/2006. Com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito do biorregulador Stimulate® (0,009% de cinetina (citocinina), 0,005% de ácido giberélico (GA3), 0,005% de ácido indolilbutírico (IBA-auxina) e 99,981% de ingredientes inertes) e de X-Cyte® (0,04% de cinetina (citocinina) e 99,96% de ingredientes inertes) na uniformidade de brotação e dos biorreguladores Stimulate®, X-Cyte® e N-Large® (4% de ácido giberélico (GA3) e 96% de ingredientes inertes) no desenvolvimento das bagas, foram conduzidos três experimentos. Experimento 1: T1: Dormex® (5%); T2: Dormex® (5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T3: Stimulate® (0,5%); T4: Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T5:Stimulate® (1,0%); T6: Stimulate® (1,0%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T7: X-Cyte® (0,25%); T8: XCyte ® (0,25%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T9: X-Cyte® (0,50%); T10: X-Cyte® (0,50%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T11: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%) e; T12: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®. Experimento 2: T1: Pro-Gibb®; T2: Stimulate® (Dose 1); T3: Stimulate® (Dose 2); T4: Stimulate® (Dose 3); T5: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (Dose Baixa - DB); T6: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (Dose Média - DM); T7: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte®... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil has some competitive advantages in grape production, specially harvesting all-year-around in almost the whole of the country. Therefore, Brazilian fruits can be exported for a few months practically without international competition. However, some factors have been limiting grape growing expansion in tropical areas. For example, low yields of less adapted cultivars. The field trials of this work were performed between May 15th and September 21st 2006, at Koshiyama farm, in Juazeiro municipality (Bahia State / Northeastern Brazil). The main goal was to analyze the effect of new commercial products intended to uniformizar sprouting, increasing yields and berry quality for Superior Seedless grapes. It was evaluated the effect of the following bioregulators in sprouting uniformity: Stimulate® (0,009% de kinetin (cytokinin), 0,005% of gibberellic acid (GA3), 0,005% indolbutiric acid (IBA-auxin); 99,981% of inert ingredients); X-Cyte® (0,04% kinetin (cytokinin) and 99,96% of inert ingredients). Three field trials were also performed, to verify the effect of Stimulate®, X-Cyte® e N-Large® (4% gibberellic acid (GA3) and 96% inert ingredients) on berry development: Trial 1: T1: Dormex® (5%); T2: Dormex® (5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T3: Stimulate® (0,5%); T4: Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T5: Stimulate® (1,0%); T6: Stimulate® (1,0%)+ Nitro Plus 9®; T7: X-Cyte® (0,25%); T8: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T9: X-Cyte® (0,50%); T10: X-Cyte® (0,50%) + Nitro Plus 9®; T11: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%)e; T12: X-Cyte® (0,25%) + Stimulate® (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9®. Trial 2: T1: Pro-Gibb®; T2: Stimulate® (Dose 1); T3: Stimulate® (Dose 2); T4: Stimulate® (Dose 3); T5: Pro-Gibb® + XCyte ® (Low Dose - DB); T6: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (Intermediate Dose- DM); T7: Pro-Gibb® + X-Cyte® (High Dose- DA); T8: N-Large®; T9: N-Large® + X-Cyte® (DB); T10: N-Large®... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:11:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_Daniel_M.pdf: 1186683 bytes, checksum: e647d097dae9cb97c9fd9cbec690f24b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A viticultura nacional encontra-se em pleno crescimento e desenvolvimento. É atividade de importância social necessitando de intensa mão-de-obra especializada e seu produto apresenta ótimo valor agregado. Dos dois tipos de uvas de mesa existentes, as 'Finas¿ e as 'Comuns¿, a 'Niagara Rosada¿ pertence ao último, sendo a uva de maior consumo no Brasil e considerada como referência de uva de mesa brasileira. É fruta sensível e pode sofrer danos na colheita, beneficiamento e transporte. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o efeito da vibração na qualidade da uva 'Niagara Rosada¿, das classes III e V, acondicionada em embalagens de madeira e papelão ondulado. As uvas foram submetidas a um período de vibração simulando transporte rodoviário; foram armazenadas e observadas segundo a variação temporal da qualidade avaliada, dando-se notas aos quesitos tais como dano profundo, doença, degrana, dano leve, aparência do engaço, perda de massa, firmeza do bago e força de destacamento do pedúnculo, num período de cinco dias de armazenamento. Durante as avaliações foram encontrados dois tipos de danos, classificados como atemporais, que podem ser caracterizados logo após a solicitação mecânica e representados pelo dano leve e dano profundo e os danos classificados como temporais que, sob determinadas condições, progrediram temporalmente tais como a degrana, doença e aparência do engaço. Observou-se, também, que as caixas de madeira e papelão ondulado ofereceram proteção semelhante à uva 'Niagara Rosada¿ em relação à vibração. O acondicionamento dos cachos em duas camadas provocou danos leves e profundos no contato entre os bagos de cada camada, especialmente nos cachos da classe V. A vibração provocou perda de massa diferenciada para as duas classes consideradas. As variações de firmeza e de força de destacamento dos bagos não discriminaram os distintos tratamentos. A perda de massa e a senescência apresentaram alta correlação com a aparência dos frutos mostrando-se como indicativos adequados da qualidade da uva / Abstract: The Brazilian viticulture is in full growth and development. It consists in a important activity for the society for it requires intensive specialized labor and it has excellent added value. Between the two existing sorts of table grapes American and Europeans, the 'Niagara Rosada¿ belongs to the first one. It is the most consumed grape in Brazil and considered as a Brazilian table grape reference. It is a sensitive fruit and most likely to be injured during harvest, grading and transportation. This work aimed as main objective to evaluate the effect of vibration on the quality of 'Niagara Rosada¿ grapes, in two different grades (Brazilian grades III and V) packed in wood and corrugated cardboard. The grapes were submitted to a vibration period to simulate road transportation followed by storage. They were evaluated from time to time considering severe mechanical damage, disease, natural berry detachment, light mechanical damage, appearance of the cluster, mass loss, berry firmness and detachment force, along five days. There were found two different types of damage. The ones the could be observed right after vibration represented by the severe and light damages were called time independent. The other type, temporal damage, consisted in those damages that progressed with time such as natural berry detachment, disease and appearance of the cluster It was also observed that either wooden or cardboard boxes offered similar protection to the clusters when submitted to vibration. Packing the clusters in two layers promoted light and severe damages between berries in contact of both layers, specially the bigger clusters. Vibration also promoted different mass loss for the two different cluster classes. The variation of the firmness and detachment force of the berries were not significant to discriminate among treatments. Values of mass loss and senescence showed high positive correlation with fruit appearance point to be good indicators of fruit quality / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African table grape industry has evolved significantly in the last two decades. Ever improving supply chain technologies, post-harvest technology innovation, and more efficient production inputs have all stimulated the production of table grapes in all five South African production regions. While the industry in general is well developed, from the late 1990s the competitiveness status of the South African table grape industry has been negative as far as international competitiveness is rated. Prior to this, from 1961 to 1998, the industry had recorded positive trends in competitiveness. The recent decline, from as early as the 2000s, in the competitiveness of the industry can be attributed to rising competition from alternate Southern Hemisphere suppliers, increasing production costs and export costs, as well as inadequate market diversification. As a result of its negative competitiveness status, the table grape industry wants to diversify its export markets in order to improve and protect the industry‟s position in the global table grape markets. The objective of this study is to investigate the viability of specific export market diversification scenarios. The aim is to evaluate the potential impact on the table grape industry if export volumes were to be relocated from traditional to emerging markets, and the potential risk if the industry were to maintain the current market distribution. The study developed a deterministic farm-level model based on accounting principles as a tool for simulating and analysing the impact of changes in markets on the financial viability of farms under different scenarios. A scenario development process is adopted in this study as it offers the possibility of integrating various kinds of data in a consistent manner, and it can represent the views and expectations of several stakeholders simultaneously. Three scenarios were developed: (i) Scenario 1 presents the continuation of current market distributions (i.e. 85% of South African exports are marketed in Europe and another 15% are distributed to other global markets); (ii) Scenario 2A depicts a situation where export volumes are slowly redistributed to emerging markets; and (iii) Scenario 2B presents a situation where export volumes are rapidly redistributed to emerging markets. The targets for both Scenarios 2A and 2B are to market 60% of South African exports to Europe and 40% to other global markets. Scenarios 2A and 2B are driven by similar factors, including improving industry information, globalisation, increasing competition, and table grape prices An analysis of factors shaping the table grape export sector shows that the industry can no longer afford to send large export quantities predominantly to its traditional markets, due to increasing competition and diminishing market prices. Furthermore, the analysis shows that continuing with the current market diversification will have a negative impact on the industry, as farm returns, employment and farm units will decline under this scenario. The results suggest that the industry would be better off if export volumes were redistributed away from Europe to other markets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste twee dekades het die Suid Afrikaanse Tafeldruif Industrie met rasse skrede vooruitgegaan. Dit kan grootliks toegeskryf word aan verbeterde tegnologiese ontwikkeling en innovasie in die voorsieningsketting en na-oes tegnologie arenas, asook aan meer doeltreffende produksie insette wat produksie toenames in al vyf die Suid Afrikaanse produksie areas gestimuleer het. Alhoewel die industrie relatief goed ontwikkeld was sedert sy ontstaan, was die kompeterende status daarvan meestal negatief sedert die 1990‟s, gemeet aan internasionale kompetisie. Daar was egter tussen 1961 en 1998 ook positiewe mededinging tendense. Die onlangse verlaagde vlakke van mededingendheid van die industrie (veral sedert die vroeë 2000‟s) kan toegeskryf word aan verhoogde kompetisie vanaf ander Suidelike Halfrond verskaffers, verhoogde produksie- en uitvoerkoste, asook aan onvoldoende mark diversifisering. As gevolg van die negatiewe mededingendheid status, wil die tafeldruif industrie sy uitvoer markte diversifiseer om te verseker dat die industrie sy posisie in die globale tafeldruif mark kan beskerm. Die doel van hierdie studie is dus om die lewensvatbaarheid van spesifieke uitvoer mark diversifisering scenario‟s te ondersoek. Daarmee saam is die potensiële impak op die industrie ook bepaal vir (a) „n hoë persentasie uitvoer volumes wat verskuif vanaf tradisionele markte na ontluikende market, of (b) wat die risiko sal wees indien die huidige markverspreiding vlakke behou word. Die studie ontwikkel „n deterministiese plaasvlak model, gebaseer op rekeningkundige beginsels, om as hulpmiddel te dien vir die simulering en analise van die impak van verandering van teikenmarkte op die fnansiële lewensvatbaarheid van plase onder verskillende omstandighede. „n Scenario intwikkelings proses word in hierdie studie aangeneem aangesien dit toelaat vir die integrasie van verskillende tipes data op „n eenvormige wyse, terwyl dit ook die sieninge en verwagtinge van verskeie rolspelers terselfdertyd kan verteenwoordig. Drie scenario‟s word ontwikkel naamlik (i) Scenario 1: Dit verteenwoordig die huidige mark verspreiding (85% van Suid Afrikaanse uitvoere word in Europa bemark terwyl 15% versprei word na ander globale markte); (ii) Scenario 2A: Hier word die situasie uitgebeeld indien uitvoer volumes stadig herverdeel word na ontluikende markte; en (iii) Scenario 2B: Hier word die situasie uitgebeeld indien uitvoer volumes vinnig herverdeel word na ontluikende markte. Die teikens vir beide Scenario 2A en 2B is om 60% van die Suid Afrikaanse uitvoere in Europa te bemark en 40% in ander globale markte. Beide scenario‟s word deur dieselfde faktore gestu wat onder andere verbeterde industrie inligting, globalisering, verhoogde kompetisie en produk pryse insluit. „n Ontleding van die vormende faktore van die tafeldruif uitvoer sektor toon dat die industrie nie langer kan bekostig om hoë uitvoer volumes na die tradisionele markte te stuur nie, as gevolg van sterker kompetisie en krimpende markpryse. Die ontleding toon ook verder dat, indien voortgegaan word met die huidige mark diversifiserings model, die industrie negatief beïnvloed sal word in terme van verlaagde plaas inkomste, werkverskaffing en die aantal boerdery eenhede. Die uitslae dui dus daarop dat die industrie beter daaraan toe sal wees indien die huidige uitvoer volumes herverdeel kan word na ander (nie-Europese) markte.