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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Síntese enzimática, caracterização físico-química e térmica de biodiesel de sebo bovino por rota etílica / Enzymatic synthesis, physico-chemical and thermal characterization of biodiesel from beef-tallow by ethyl route

Silva, Guilherme Augusto Martins da 18 June 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste projeto foi estabelecer um processo de síntese enzimática de biodiesel empregando sebo bovino como matéria-prima lipídica. Para o desenvolvimento deste projeto de mestrado, o trabalho experimental foi direcionado para as seguintes atividades: 1) Determinação das propriedades físico-químicas da matéria-prima; 2) Testes de seleção do derivado imobilizado mais efetivo para mediar a síntese de biodiesel a partir do sebo bovino; 3) Estabelecimento de metodologias para analisar o produto transesterificado por diferentes técnicas; 4) Otimização da síntese de biodiesel por planejamento experimental; 5) Aumento de escala e comprovação do modelo estatístico e 6) Caracterização do produto formado e comparação com o biodiesel comercial. Os resultados das análises de composição da matéria-prima indicaram que a amostra de sebo bovino atende ao padrão exigido para ser utilizado na reação de transesterificação (baixo teor de água e índice de acidez). Para os testes de triagem do biocatalisador, diferentes fontes de lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) foram imobilizadas no suporte híbrido POS-PVA e utilizadas para mediar a reação de transesterificação do sebo bovino e etanol em meio isento de solventes. Todas as reações foram realizadas nas mesmas condições operacionais (temperatura de 45°C, razão molar de 1:9 (gordura/álcool) e 400 unidades de atividade enzimática por grama de sebo bovino). Os rendimentos de transesterificação, bem como os valores de produtividade, foram os parâmetros relevantes na escolha do biocatalisador mais efetivo. Os produtos transesterificados obtidos com rendimentos superiores a 90% foram ainda submetidos a análises complementares, tais como viscosidade cinemática, espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho e termogravimetria. O derivado imobilizado selecionado (Pseudomonas cepacia) foi caracterizado quanto às suas propriedades bioquímicas, cinéticas e de estabilidade térmica. Um planejamento experimental foi adotado para determinar a influência do pH e da temperatura na atividade enzimática. Para o estudo da cinética enzimática foram realizados experimentos com diferentes concentrações de substrato (azeite de oliva) visando determinar os parâmetros Km e Vmax na cinética de Michaelis-Menten. Um estudo da estabilidade térmica da lipase livre e imobilizada foi realizado a 60°C para determinar a constante de desativação térmica. Na seqüência, o derivado imobilizado selecionado foi utilizado para otimizar as variáveis do processo (temperatura e razão molar) empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta, obtendo o seguinte modelo matemático para o rendimento de transesterificação: Y = 86,89-7,46 x1-2,04 x2 em que x1 e x2 são os valores codificados para as variáveis temperatura e razão molar, respectivamente. Com os resultados obtidos, as condições ótimas de reação foram determinadas por software (T= 48ºC e razão molar 1:7 (sebo:etanol)) e então um experimento de comprovação do modelo foi realizado usando uma massa de 110 gramas de meio reacional. Os valores de rendimento da reação apresentaram uma boa correlação com os resultados preditos pelo modelo (91,62% em 8h de reação). Finalmente o produto obtido foi submetido a uma sequência de testes e análises para verificar o potencial do processo enzimático. Os testes indicaram que o processo enzimático é capaz de produzir biodiesel com boa qualidade, apesar de não atender plenamente as normas estabelecidas pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo para uso de combustíveis no país. / The objective of this project was to establish a process for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel using beef tallow and ethanol as feedstock. For the development of this project, the experimental work was directed to the following activities: 1) Determination of the physicochemical properties of the raw material; 2) Tests for selection of the most eficiente immobilized derivative to mediate the biodiesel synthesis from beef tallow; 3) Methodology establishment for analyzing the product transesterificated by different techniques; 4) Optimization the synthesis of biodiesel by factorial design; 5) Mathematical model comprovation and increase the reaction mass 6) Characterization of the product formed and comparison with the industrial biodiesel. The results of analysis of composition of the raw materials indicated that the sample of beef tallow meets the standard required to be used in the transesterification reaction (low water content and acidity). For screening tests of biocatalysts, different sources of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) were immobilized on POS-PVA support and used to mediate the transesterification of beef tallow and ethanol in solvent free medium. All reactions were performed under the same operating conditions (temperature of 45°C, molar ratio of 1:9 (fat/ alcohol) and 400 units of enzyme activity per gram of beef tallow). The transesterification yields and the productivity values were important parameters in choosing the most effective biocatalysts. Transesterificated products obtained with yields higher than 90% were subjected to additional tests, such as kinematic viscosity, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and 1H NMR. The immobilized derivative selected (Pseudomonas cepacia) was characterized according to biochemical and kinetics properties and thermal stability. An experimental design was adopted to determine the influence of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. To study the enzyme kinetics experiments were performed with different concentrations of substrate (olive oil) to determine the parameters Km and Vmax in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A study of thermal stability of free and immobilized lipase was performed at 60 °C to determine the constant of thermal deactivation. Following this, the chosen immobilized derivative was used to optimize the transesterification reaction (temperature and molar ratio) via response surface methodology, obtaining the following mathematical model (Y=86.89-7.46x1-2.04x2) for the transesterification yield, where x1 and x2 are the coded values for the variables temperature and molar ratio, respectively. Optima reaction conditions were determined by software (T = 48 ° C and molar ratio of 1:7 (tallow: ethanol)) and then a trial to confirm the mathematical model was performed using 110 g of reaction medium. The yield value showed good correlation with results predicted by the model (91.62% in 8 h reaction). Finally, the product was submitted to a sequence of tests and analysis to verify the potential of the enzymatic process. The tests indicated that the enzymatic process allows producing biodiesel with good quality, although the specifications recommended by the Brazilian Petroleum Agency (ANP) to be used as biofuel were not fully attained.
12

Distribution and spread mechanisms of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) at multiple spatial scales within forests in the southeastern United States

Yang, Shaoyang 09 August 2019 (has links)
The coastal plain of the southeastern United States is historically wet pine savannahs, prairie, and hardwoods. However, many exotic species have invaded this area and become a serious threat to native forest ecosystems. Among those exotic species, Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) has become one of the most pervasive tree species in the southern coastal states, including Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Therefore, to understand the distribution and spread mechanisms has become important in the management and control of Chinese tallow in the southeastern United States. In this research, distribution and spread mechanisms of Chinese tallow were studied at multiple spatial scales, including regional, landscape, and stand. Effects of predisposing (community and landscape features) and inciting (natural disturbance and human activities) factors on Chinese tallow invasion had been evaluated by using a comprehensive data set (field data and Forest Inventory and Analysis data) and spatial statistical models. Results indicated that propagule pressure of Chinese tallow is the main force driving tallow dispersal at different spatial scales. Predisposing and inciting factors such as natural disturbances, anthropogenic disturbances, forest types, forestland ownerships, and landscape features are significantly related to the spread of Chinese tallow at different spatial scales. Regionally, Chinese tallow initially started to spread from southern Texas and Louisiana to the northeastern portion of the Gulf Coastal area. At landscape and stand scales, Chinese tallow has commonly invaded from edges of forests and habitats such as roads and firebreaks. Inciting factors, including hurricanes/storms and prescribed fires, could accelerate the spread of Chinese tallow at different spatial scales, especially in habitats that have previously been invaded. Compared to pine forests, it is easier for Chinese tallow to invade bottomland hardwood forests at the regional scale. The efficient dispersal distance of tallow seeds is 250-300 m, and its distribution is affected by the microtopography in forest stands. Management of Chinese tallow invasion should be focused at selected scales, such as landscape and stand levels, because of variations of site conditions.
13

EFFECTS OF WHOLE COTTONSEED, COTTONSEED OIL, OR TALLOW ON DIGESTIBILITY OF WHEAT STRAW DIETS BY STEERS.

Moore, Jeannette Aileen. January 1983 (has links)
No description available.
14

Dietas para frangos de corte contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas suplementadas ou não com lisofosfolipídios e ácidos orgânicos / Diets for broiler chickens containing different lipid sources supplemented with or without lysophospholipids and organic acids

Polycarpo, Gustavo do Valle 27 March 2015 (has links)
Os óleos e as gorduras, assim denominados em função de sua origem, são ingredientes internacionalmente indispensáveis na formulação de rações para que haja sucesso na produção de frangos de corte. Os lipídios advindos da dieta são grandes fornecedores de energia e de ácidos graxos essenciais ao metabolismo. O aproveitamento nutricional depende da digestibilidade, que, por sua vez, é influenciada pela composição química das moléculas lipídicas. Características ligadas ao comprimento da cadeia carbônica, presença ou não de duplas ligações, configuração das ligações (cis ou trans), presença de ácidos graxos na forma de triglicerídio ou livre e posição do ácido graxo na molécula de glicerol são fatores que alteram não só a digestibilidade dos lipídios, mas também de compostos lipossolúveis. No entanto, em ensaios biológicos é preciso abordar uma ótica multifacetada, considerando, dentro dos limites técnicos da experimentação animal, as diversas interações que se apresentam. Os fatores fisiológicos da ave, principalmente aqueles ligados à digestão, são de extrema importância na condução de estudos de nutrição. Existe uma infinidade de interações físico-químicas durante o processo digestivo, no qual a microbiota intestinal exerce importantes funções. A modulação dos microrganismos presentes no trato gastrintestinal do frango tem influência direta e indireta no aproveitamento da dieta, com mérito em destaque dobrado, especialmente diante dos desafios enfrentados após a União Europeia vetar o uso de antibióticos em rações para animais. Ao longo dos anos, foram realizadas pesquisas que demonstraram o efeito negativo da proliferação indesejada de microrganismos sobre a digestão dos lipídios, afetando principalmente fontes lipídicas com grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos saturados, que são mais susceptíveis às condições inadequadas da digestão. Esse efeito ocorre pela ação da coliltaurina hidrolase bacteriana, que causa desconjugação dos sais biliares endógenos das aves, prejudicando a emulsificação dos lipídios e a consequente formação de micelas. Portanto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar dietas contendo óleo de soja ou sebo bovino suplementadas com lisofosfolipídios e ácidos orgânicos, explorando as possíveis interações e benefícios que podem haver na associação desses dois aditivos / Oils and fats, so named because of their origin, are internationally indispensable ingredients in feed formulation for success in broilers production. The lipids coming from the diet are major suppliers of energy and essential fatty acids for metabolism. The nutrient utilization is dependent on digestibility, which, in turn, is influenced by the chemical composition of the lipid molecules. Characteristics related to the length of the carbon chain, presence or not of double bonds, links configuration (cis or trans), presence of fatty acids in the form of triglycerides or free fatty acids and the position of fatty acids in the glycerol molecule are factors that alter not only the digestibility of lipids, but also fat-soluble compounds. However, in biological assays, a multifaceted vision approach is required, considering, within the technical limits of animal experimentation, the various existing interactions. The physiological factors of the bird, especially those related to digestion, are extremely important in the conduction of nutrition studies. There is an infinity of physical and chemical interactions during the digestive process, in which the intestinal microbiota plays important roles. Modulation of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken has direct and indirect influence on the diet utilization, with merit in featured folded, especially considering the challenges faced after the European Union prohibit the use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Over the years, researches have shown the negative effect of undesired proliferation of microorganisms on the lipid digestion, mainly affecting lipid sources with large amounts of saturated fatty acids, which are more susceptible to poor digestion conditions. Such effect occurs by the bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase activity, causing deconjugation of endogenous bile salts of birds, damaging the emulsification of lipids and the consequent micelles formation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate diets containing soybean oil or beef tallow supplemented with lysophospholipids and organic acids, exploring the possible interactions and benefits that can occur in the combination of these two additives
15

A inserção do sebo bovino na indústria brasileira do biodiesel: análise sob a ótica da economia dos custos de transação e da teoria dos custos de mensuração / The Inclusion of tallow in the brazilian biodiesel industry: analysis from the perspective of Transaction Cost Economics and Measurement Costs Theory

Levy, Gabriel 13 January 2012 (has links)
A indústria de biodiesel atingiu importante desenvolvimento no Brasil a partir de 2005, através da implementação do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel - PNPB. As propostas do programa incluem o estímulo ao uso de oleaginosas a partir da agricultura familiar e a negociação do biodiesel por leilões. As matérias-primas mais participativas na indústria de biodiesel no Brasil são a soja (80-85%) e o sebo bovino (9-15%). Ao demonstrar as características do sebo, a pesquisa evidencia problemas na coordenação entre frigoríficos/graxarias e usinas de biodiesel, indicando um mercado de sebo pouco organizado. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é verificar se a integração vertical é o regime de governança mais apropriado para a indústria. Ao mesmo tempo, a pesquisa observa as variáveis que poderiam implicar maior eficiência à cadeia do biodiesel e procura responder a cinco hipóteses relacionadas com a questão da pesquisa, através de um estudo multi-caso com oito usinas de biodiesel no Brasil que utilizam sebo bovino para a produção de biodiesel. A revisão teórica utilizou a Economia Custos de Transação e a Teoria dos Custos de Mensuração, e através da percepção dos produtores de biodiesel entrevistados, concluiu-se que a integração vertical pode ser considerada a estrutura de governança mais apropriada para a produção de biodiesel a partir de sebo bovino. Foram encontrados indícios de que o sebo é um ativo específico, com atributos de difícil mensuração, o que atesta tanto a necessidade de criação de normas técnicas como também a extensão do selo social para o sebo bovino para melhorar a coordenação entre os agentes das transações através de políticas públicas, o que poderia estimular a diversidade de matérias-primas para biodiesel. / The biodiesel industry has achieved significant development in Brazil since 2005, through the implementation of the National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use - PNPB. The proposed program includes the encouragement of oilseeds use from family farming and biodiesel trade through auctions. The most important raw materials for biodiesel production in Brazil are soybeans (80-85%) and beef tallow (9-15%). Describing tallow characteristics, the research evinces coordinating problems between slaughterhouses/rendering plants and biodiesel plants, indicating a poorly organized tallow market. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze if vertical integration is the most appropriate governance structure for the industry. At the same time, the research looks for variables that could lead to higher efficiency in the biodiesel chain and answer five hypotheses related to the research question, through a multi-case study with eight biodiesel plants in Brazil that use beef tallow to produce biodiesel. The theoretical review used Transaction Cost Economics and the Measurement Costs Theory, and through the opinion of the interviewed biodiesel producers, it is concluded that vertical integration can be considered the most appropriate governance structure for biodiesel production from beef tallow. There were found evidences that tallow is a specific asset, whose attributes are difficult to measure, in which requires technical standards as well as the extension of the Social Label Program for beef tallow to improve coordination between transactions agents through public policies, which could stimulate raw materials diversity for biodiesel.
16

Avaliação do desempenho ambiental de biodiesel produzido a partir de gordura animal segundo diferentes abordagens para situaçõees de multifuncionalidade. / Assessment of the environmental performance of biodiesel produced from tallow considering different approaches for multifunctionality situations.

Nogueira, Alex Rodrigues 20 December 2017 (has links)
O Brasil é um país que se destaca pela pujança da pecuária e como importante ator no mercado de biodiesel. Entretanto, há uma carência de estudos que investiguem o desempenho ambiental do biodiesel produzido a partir de gordura animal segundo uma lógica sistêmica. Trata-se de um tema controverso em função do tratamento dado à gordura pois, embora haja demanda e mercado bem estabelecido, há casos em que esta substância é tratada como um rejeito da produção de carne, desconsiderando-se os impactos ambientais pregressos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a criticidade de diferentes abordagens para as situações de multifuncionalidade da cadeia de produção do biodiesel obtido de gordura animal. Para tanto, fez-se uso da técnica de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida de produtos segundo o enfoque atribucional com escopo do \"berço-ao-portão\" para se determinar o desempenho do biodiesel produzido nas regiões Sul, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste, e disponibilizado (tanto puro quanto na forma das misturas B15 e B8) para a região metropolitana de São Paulo entre os anos de 2013 e 2015. As situações de multifuncionalidade foram analisadas a partir da aplicação de critérios físicos (proporção mássica e conteúdo energético), de critérios econômicos e do Método Surplus, além da expansão das fronteiras do sistema e substituição de cargas ambientais evitadas. Os resultados foram expressos em termos das categorias de impacto de Mudanças Climáticas, Acidificação terrestre, Eutrofização aquática, Formação fotoquímica de oxidantes, Demanda de Energia Primária. Adicionalmente, foram feitas considerações a respeito do indicador de Energy Return On Investment (EROI) e do balanço de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Os resultados indicaram que a alocação das cargas ambientais do processo de refino de petróleo - para a produção do diesel fóssil usado em atividades de transporte - mostrou-se irrelevante no contexto do presente estudo. No que diz respeito ao processo de transesterificação, os efeitos das abordagens para as situações de multifuncionalidade foram pouco influentes sobre os resultados. Isto porque a magnitude do impacto da atividade pecuária foi tamanha que a amplitude dos resultados variou cerca de 817 vezes (no caso da categoria de Mudanças Climáticas) ou até 1084 vezes (para a Demanda de Energia Primária). / Brazil is a country that stands out for the internal importance of cattle farming and as an important player in the biodiesel market. However, there is a lack of studies focusing the investigation of the environmental performance of biodiesel produced from animal tallow according to a systemic scope. This is a controversial issue, due to the treatment given to tallow as, although there is consistent market demand, there are cases in which this substance is treated as a waste from meat production activities. In this context, this study was conducted aiming the evaluation of the criticality of different approaches to multifunctional situations of the biodiesel production chain from animal tallow. In order to do so, attributional Life Cycle Assessment technique was used according to a \"cradle-to-gate\" scope in order to determine the environmental performance of biodiesel produced in the South, Midwest and Southeast regions, and commercialized (either purely or in the form of B15 and B8 mixtures) at São Paulo metropolitan region between 2013 and 2015. Multifunctionality situations were analyzed based on the application of physical criteria (mass ratio and energy content), economic criteria and the Surplus Method, as well as based on system boundaries expansion and the substitution of avoided environmental burdens. The results were expressed in terms of the following impact categories: Climate Change, Terrestrial Acidification, Aquatic Eutrophication, Photochemical Oxidants Formation, and Primary Energy Demand. In addition, considerations were made regarding the Energy Return On Investment (EROI) indicator and the greenhouse gases emission balance. The results indicated that the allocation of environmental burdens at petroleum refining process - for the production of fossil diesel used in transport activities - proved to be irrelevant in the context of the present study. Regarding the transesterification process, the effects of the approaches for multifunctionality situations were not very influential on the results. This is because the magnitude of the impact of cattle raising activity was such that the results varied by about 817 times (in the case of the Climate Change impact category) or up to 1084 times (considering the Primary Energy Demand).
17

Oil-Rich Nonseed Tissues for Enhancing Plant Oil Production

Rahman, Mahbubur, Divi, Uday K., Liu, Qing, Ahou, Xue-Rong, Singh, Surinder, Kilaru, Aruna 01 October 2016 (has links)
Plants are being engineered for enhanced ethanol production; however, challenges remain in meeting the demand for bioenergy that is expected to double by 2030. Therefore, targeting carbon accumulation in the form of energy-dense oils in nonseed biomass is considered a superior alternative for bioenergy production. Although oils in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) are typically stored in seed tissues, various nonseed tissues such as mesocarp, tubers, stems and leaves also serve as storage tissues for TAG accumulation in plants. Moreover, the biomass of these tissues is generally far greater than seed biomass. In order to increase oil content in nonseed biomass for bioenergy and nutritional purposes, it is important to understand how such plants naturally accumulate TAG in nonseed tissues. Several molecular approaches, including transcriptomics, have been undertaken to elucidate the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of carbon partitioning in oil-rich nonseed tissues. Such studies are expected to generate important transgenic tools that can be used to alter fatty acid metabolism and engineer plants to produce oil-rich biomass successfully. This review focuses on the potential of different oil-rich nonseed tissues and the strategies developed for enhancing oil biomass.
18

The effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on pig growth performance and fat quality

Stephenson, Ethan Wade January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael Tokach / In 3 experiments, 4,720 pigs were used to determine the effects of: 1) dietary fat and feeding duration on growth performance and fat quality in finishing pigs; or 2) a novel protease or 3) increasing levels of Zn amino acid complex (ZnAA) or ZnO on finishing pig performance. Experiment 1 tested the effects of feeding tallow, soybean oil, or a blend of the two for various feeding durations (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). Overall, pigs fed added fat for the entire 84 d had improved G:F compared to those fed a control diet. Additionally, pigs fed additional fat for the entire study had improved ADG and G:F as well as increased d 84 BW compared to pigs fed additional fat for 42 d. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil lowered monounsaturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations while these values remained relatively unchanged by the addition of tallow. There were feeding period by fat source interactions for fatty acid composition and iodine value for belly and backfat, but not jowl fat, indicating a longer turnover rate for jowl fat compared to belly or backfat. In Exp. 2, adding a protease to a nutrient deficient diet increased ADFI and tended to increase ADG compared to pigs fed a negative control diet. There were no differences observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F between pigs fed a positive control diet, formulated to 90% of the pigs SID lysine requirement, and those fed a negative control diet plus the protease, which would suggest the release values attributed to the enzyme were accurate. In Exp. 3, supplementing additional Zn from either ZnAA or ZnO at 25, 50, or 75 ppm in finishing diets for commercial finishing pigs was evaluated. Overall, no differences were observed in ADFI, but a Zn source by level interaction was observed for ADG and G:F, as pigs fed increasing ZnO were observed to have similar performance, while pigs fed added levels of 25 and 50 ppm Zn from ZnAA had decreased performance compared to those fed the highest level of ZnAA.
19

A inserção do sebo bovino na indústria brasileira do biodiesel: análise sob a ótica da economia dos custos de transação e da teoria dos custos de mensuração / The Inclusion of tallow in the brazilian biodiesel industry: analysis from the perspective of Transaction Cost Economics and Measurement Costs Theory

Gabriel Levy 13 January 2012 (has links)
A indústria de biodiesel atingiu importante desenvolvimento no Brasil a partir de 2005, através da implementação do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel - PNPB. As propostas do programa incluem o estímulo ao uso de oleaginosas a partir da agricultura familiar e a negociação do biodiesel por leilões. As matérias-primas mais participativas na indústria de biodiesel no Brasil são a soja (80-85%) e o sebo bovino (9-15%). Ao demonstrar as características do sebo, a pesquisa evidencia problemas na coordenação entre frigoríficos/graxarias e usinas de biodiesel, indicando um mercado de sebo pouco organizado. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é verificar se a integração vertical é o regime de governança mais apropriado para a indústria. Ao mesmo tempo, a pesquisa observa as variáveis que poderiam implicar maior eficiência à cadeia do biodiesel e procura responder a cinco hipóteses relacionadas com a questão da pesquisa, através de um estudo multi-caso com oito usinas de biodiesel no Brasil que utilizam sebo bovino para a produção de biodiesel. A revisão teórica utilizou a Economia Custos de Transação e a Teoria dos Custos de Mensuração, e através da percepção dos produtores de biodiesel entrevistados, concluiu-se que a integração vertical pode ser considerada a estrutura de governança mais apropriada para a produção de biodiesel a partir de sebo bovino. Foram encontrados indícios de que o sebo é um ativo específico, com atributos de difícil mensuração, o que atesta tanto a necessidade de criação de normas técnicas como também a extensão do selo social para o sebo bovino para melhorar a coordenação entre os agentes das transações através de políticas públicas, o que poderia estimular a diversidade de matérias-primas para biodiesel. / The biodiesel industry has achieved significant development in Brazil since 2005, through the implementation of the National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use - PNPB. The proposed program includes the encouragement of oilseeds use from family farming and biodiesel trade through auctions. The most important raw materials for biodiesel production in Brazil are soybeans (80-85%) and beef tallow (9-15%). Describing tallow characteristics, the research evinces coordinating problems between slaughterhouses/rendering plants and biodiesel plants, indicating a poorly organized tallow market. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze if vertical integration is the most appropriate governance structure for the industry. At the same time, the research looks for variables that could lead to higher efficiency in the biodiesel chain and answer five hypotheses related to the research question, through a multi-case study with eight biodiesel plants in Brazil that use beef tallow to produce biodiesel. The theoretical review used Transaction Cost Economics and the Measurement Costs Theory, and through the opinion of the interviewed biodiesel producers, it is concluded that vertical integration can be considered the most appropriate governance structure for biodiesel production from beef tallow. There were found evidences that tallow is a specific asset, whose attributes are difficult to measure, in which requires technical standards as well as the extension of the Social Label Program for beef tallow to improve coordination between transactions agents through public policies, which could stimulate raw materials diversity for biodiesel.
20

Heat release analysis for second generation biodiesels / AnÃlise de liberaÃÃo de energia para biodieseis de segunda geraÃÃo

Justino Carvalho Cartaxo 04 May 2016 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Second generation biodiesel fuels extracted from sources such as beef tallow and castor bean oil have gone through an increase in production, as they are being gradually added to soybean biodiesel which constitutes the primary biofuel in the country. These alternative materials have potential do increase the fuelâs oxidation stability and, specifically in the case of beef tallow, reduce the cost of producing biodiesel. However, these sources also contribute to making the properties of the biodiesel/diesel blend more distant from those of conventional diesel fuel. Beef tallow biodiesel, for example, has a cetane number of 64.70, compared to 46.44 the soybean and 48 for mineral diesel fuel. In the case of castor bean biodiesel, its viscosity is 14.5 cSt, while soybeanâs is 4.2 cSt and mineral dieselâs is 2.5. It is expected that these unique characteristics should have noteworthy consequences in the injection, tomization and combustion processes of the fuel. This work intends to determine the extent of these consequences by characterizing each second generation biodiesel fuelâs impact on the apparent heat release rate. To this end, experimental data on cylinder pressure and a heat release â or energy - analysis model on a combustion zone were utilized. The data were obtained from a medium sized turbo diesel engine operating at steady state for three different load levels. Biodiesel and diesel blends were prepared at concentration levels B10, representative of current commercial use, and B20, corresponding to a greater biofuel adoption in a future scenario. Second generation sources were also compared to data from soybean biodiesel, which forms around 75% of Brazilâs biodiesel production. At B20 concentrations, it was found that beef tallow biodiesel, due to its higher cetane number, hastened combustion by about 1◦ compared to soybean and 3◦ compared to mineral diesel. This anticipation in ignition also caused a reduction in the amount of fuel consumed as a premixed flame. Combustion of castor bean biodiesel was mostly unchanged for high and medium loads compared to mineral diesel fuel. However, on the low load configuration (BMEP = 250kPa) and at B20 concentration, it caused a significant delay in combustion, likely from the collision of the fuel jet against the cylinder wall. / Os biodieseis de segunda geraÃÃo oriundos de fontes, tais como o sebo bovino e a mamona, vÃm experimentando uma expansÃo em sua produÃÃo, sendo adicionados gradualmente ao biodiesel de soja, que constitui a matÃria-prima predominante no paÃs. Essas matÃrias-primas alternativas podem aumentar a estabilidade à oxidaÃÃo do combustÃvel e, no caso do sebo, diminuir o custo de produÃÃo do biodiesel. Contudo, elas tambÃm contribuem para um maior distanciamento entre as propriedades das misturas diesel/biodiesel e o Ãleo diesel convencional. O biodiesel proveniente do sebo bovino, por exemplo, possui um nÃmero de cetano de 68,77 frente aos 52,10 do de soja e 48 do Ãleo diesel mineral. Jà o biodiesel de mamona possui viscosidade de 14,5 cSt, frente aos 4,16 do de soja e 2,5 do Ãleo diesel mineral. Espera-se que essas caracterÃsticas singulares tenham consequÃncias importantes nos processos de injeÃÃo, atomizaÃÃo e queima do combustÃvel. O objetivo deste trabalho à determinar a extensÃo dessas consequÃncias, caracterizando-se o impacto de cada um desses biodieseis de segunda geraÃÃo sobre a taxa aparente de liberaÃÃo de energia. Empregou-se, para tanto, dados experimentais de pressÃo no cilindro e um modelo de anÃlise de liberaÃÃo de calor, ou de energia, com uma zona de combustÃo. Os dados foram obtidos com um motor diesel turbo de mÃdio porte operando em condiÃÃes de regime permanente e a trÃs nÃveis de carga. Preparou-se misturas entre diesel e biodiesel nas concentraÃÃes B10, representativas do patamar atual de adiÃÃo de biodiesel ao diesel mineral, e B20, que corresponderiam à maior adoÃÃo de biocombustÃveis em um cenÃrio futuro. As matÃrias-primas de segunda geraÃÃo, sebo bovino e mamona, tambÃm foram comparadas a dados obtidos com o biodiesel de Ãleo de soja, que corresponde a cerca de 75% a atual produÃÃo brasileira de biodiesel. Para as misturas B20, constatou-se que o biodiesel de sebo bovino, por ter maior nÃmero de cetano, adianta a combustÃo em cerca de 1◦ com relaÃÃo ao de soja e 3◦ com relaÃÃo ao diesel mineral. Devido a este adiantamento da igniÃÃo, o biodiesel de sebo bovino tambÃm reduziu a quantidade de combustÃvel consumido pelo modo prÃ-misturado. A combustÃo das misturas contendo biodiesel de mamona ficou praticamente inalterada para as condiÃÃes de alta e mÃdia carga com relaÃÃo ao Ãleo diesel mineral. Contudo, em baixa carga (bmep=250 kPa) e na concentraÃÃo correspondente a B10 e B20, o biodiesel de mamona provocou um atraso expressivo na combustÃo, provavelmente devido à colisÃo do jato combustÃvel com as paredes do pistÃo.

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