The world and its economy is going through countless and significant changes. Intangible assets are one of these changes due to the economy and the society have a higher demand for information than before. Nevertheless, tangible assets are still important assets within the economy since no economy will function without tangible assets. Intangible assets and tangible assets can contribute to that a business is gaining competitive advantages and thereby, increasing the level of profits. The focal study has been performed at Sweco Environment AB and aims to investigate how intangible assets and tangible assets contribute to increased gross profits within a specific service industry, where a modular product can be implemented. A modular product wasinvestigated in order to find differences and similarities which can affect a business’ opportunities to generate increased gross profit. The focal study is limited to a modular product and a specific industry, where it can be applied. In order to perform the focal study, scientific articles, books and reports have been utilised to form a foundation of the theoretical framework. The theoretical framework consists of sustainability, modularity and economics. Subsequently, a combination of a qualitative and quantitative research has been conducted. The qualitative research included observations and semi-structured interviews with experienced participants within the field. The quantitative research contained archival records with annual financial statements and balance sheets of private corporations within the Swedish market. The archival records were used in order to perform the econometric analysis. The results from the observations and interviews demonstrated a holistic picture of the nonmodular product and the modular product. The main differences were found within the process from customer order to utilisation and the leasing option for the modular product. The econometric analysis which was performed in the specific service industry indicated that tangible assets were not statistically significant meanwhile, intangible assets were statistically significant. A 1 % increase in intangible assets contribute to 0.088 % increase in gross profit per employee. By investing in intangible assets does not only contribute to increased gross profits, it can also lead to competitive advantages.

This diploma thesis is focused on the problematics of non-current tangible assets in accordance with Czech accounting standards, Law of income tax and International financial accounting standards (IAS/IFRS). Work concretely describes determination, valuation, depreciation, impairment accounting and recognizing of non-current tangible assets in accordance with this three mentioned view. In area of IAS/IFRS is emphasized IAS 16 - Property, plant and equipment, IAS 40 - Investment property and IFRS 5 - Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations. A part of this work there is a research of 60 international and Czech companies with aim to find out the most in practice using accounting principles and methods. The work includes a range of illustrative examples to explain the constituent theoretical problems.

In 1979 Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky created the prospect theory. It became an accepted and appropriate theory in explaining decision making under risk. The prospect theory has been one of the most cited articles in economics and Kahneman received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences as a result of the creation and development of the theory. Therefore the prospect theory is considered to be more suitable compared to the previously accepted theory, the expected utility theory. Following the prospect theory, researchers have utilized it to describe individual but also corporate management decision making when faced with risk. In this thesis the authors will focus on the latter. Despite the prospect theory being a well-accepted theory, there have been several critics due to its limitations and Audia and Greve (2006) are one of these critics. Their study suggested that corporations under threat, i.e. small firms with low returns, act risk averse. The findings of Audia and Greve (2006) violate the prospect theory when considering small firms that have below target returns. They tested the theory on an industry that has the characteristics of having relatively high proportions of tangible assets. Audia and Greve (2006) also proposed that a similar conclusion could be drawn if tested on an industry characterized by having a high level of intangible assets. This thesis examines the applicability of the prospect theory in the Swedish automotive industry and staffing and recruitment industry. The characteristics of the two industries are that the automotive industry has a high proportion of tangible assets and the staffing and recruitment industry has a high level of intangibles. The authors test if the prospect theory can be used to describe the decision making of both industries but also test the theory on small and large firms. Following the results of this paper we show that the prospect theory can be applied to the Swedish automotive industry and staffing and recruitment industry, characterized by having high levels of tangible assets and intangible assets respectively. The theory can also be used to explain decision making under risk for small firms within both industries and large firms within the automotive industry. Even though the prospect theory was originally tested on individuals, the conclusion can be drawn that the prospect theory once again prevails as an explanation of the decision making in the management of corporations. It can describe the decision making of firms in the two industries having characteristics of different asset tangibility and for firms of different size.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-09-17T14:57:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HamiltonBrunoDissertacao2018.pdf: 3908365 bytes, checksum: 9e0df17bd246aecffba4df5794e8a7ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-09-17T14:58:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HamiltonBrunoDissertacao2018.pdf: 3908365 bytes, checksum: 9e0df17bd246aecffba4df5794e8a7ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T14:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HamiltonBrunoDissertacao2018.pdf: 3908365 bytes, checksum: 9e0df17bd246aecffba4df5794e8a7ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-09 / The process of determining the worth of a company (valuation) aims to calculate the fair value using several methodologies. Considering that, the value of a company is a result of its potential production; valuation methods should measure the capability to generate future benefits from the company's assets, which may be tangible (machinery, stock, etc.) and intangible (brands, the quality of its administration, strategy, etc.). Intangible assets, besides being more difficult to measure, are fundamental to the organization, contributing to the company's value. Several methods have been identified, making more difficult to choose the method to be used. Thus, the present study sought to analyze the main valuation methods and their applications, both those traditionally used and those that used for intangible assets. It was also observed if the governance of the company and involvement in fraud and corruption are considered during the evaluation. The identification of the practices of using which evaluation methods are most appropriate to each type of organization was elaborated from the data collection through the application of a structured questionnaire with professionals of the area and the evaluation of the results by a discussion group composed by specialists. The research findings can contribute to the choice of methods for evaluating companies, depending on their segment, size and concentration of assets: tangible and intangible. The results of this work demonstrate that, despite the existence of several methods of valuation of companies and intangible, the cash flow discounted method is the most used, but can also be complemented by other methods. / O processo de avaliação de uma empresa (valuation) tem como objetivo calcular o valor justo (fair value), sendo que esse cálculo pode ser realizado mediante a utilização de diversas metodologias. Considerando que o valor de uma empresa é representado pelo o que poderá produzir, os métodos de avaliação devem, em princípio, mensurar a capacidade de geração de benefícios futuros, originados dos ativos da empresa, que podem estar sob a forma de ativos tangíveis (imóveis, máquinas, estoques, etc.) e intangíveis (marcas, a qualidade de sua administração, sua estratégia, etc.). Os ativos intangíveis além de apresentarem maior dificuldade de serem mensurados, possuem importância fundamental na medida em que seu adequado gerenciamento gera vantagens competitivas à organização, contribuindo para a alavancagem do valor da empresa. Foram identificados diversos métodos, o que dificulta a escolha do procedimento a ser empregado. Assim, o presente estudo buscou verificar a aplicação dos principais métodos de avaliação, tanto os tradicionalmente utilizados, como os que tratam de avalição dos ativos intangíveis. Procurou-se observar se a governança da empresa e envolvimento em fraudes e corrupção são consideradas quando da avaliação. A identificação das práticas de utilização de quais métodos de avaliação são mais adequados a cada tipo de organização foi elaborado a partir da coleta de dados mediante a aplicação de um questionário estruturado com profissionais da área e da avaliação dos resultados por um grupo de discussão composto por especialistas. Os achados da pesquisa podem contribuir para a escolha de métodos para avaliações de empresas, em função do seu segmento, porte e concentração de ativos: tangíveis e intangíveis. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que, apesar da existência de diversos métodos de avaliação de empresas e de intangíveis, o método do fluxo de caixa descontado é o de maior utilização, podendo, porém, ser complementado por outros métodos.

The purpose of the study is to examine the application of selected variables from previous studies when applied to the capital structure of Swedish publicly traded companies. Five variables will be used to examine whether they have a similar effect on the capital structure of Swedish companies. The study is a quantitative research that is made up of data that was collected from two chosen line of businesses on the Swedish market, industrials and medicine. A large quantity of data was collected from 135 companies during the time period 2013-2017, the data was processed and converted before a regression analysis was performed. According to the regression analysis this study received the following result from the industrial line of business: the variable with the most explanatory effect regarding the capital structure was liquid assets, profitability, turnover assets, total assets (size) and tangible assets. In the medicine line of business the following variables had the most explanatory effects: liquid assets, total assets (size), turnover assets, tangible assets and profitability. The study shows the extent to which the variables are significant and what impact they have on debt in the Swedish market. The result was different between the industries, which is an interesting aspect to note that different variables were applied with different strengths in the industries depending on the company's financial position. Liquid assets were the variable that had the greatest connection to the degree of indebtedness in both industries in the Swedish market. The result regarding the variables used in this study had greater similarity in its applicability between the two industries in Sweden than the similarity to an earlier studyconducted in Romania with similar variables.

This diploma thesis is focused on the reporting of non-current tangible assets according to Czech accounting regulations and according to International Financial Reporting Standards. In the chapter devoted to IFRS is described the approach to the reporting of non-current tangible assets regarding the standards IAS 16, IAS 40 and IFRS 5. In the charter devoted to Czech accounting regulations are described and compared czech regulations of the reporting of non-current tangible assets and the reporting of non-current tangible assets in IFRS. The last practical part of this diploma thesis deals with accounting policy used in practice in selected companies.

Purpose of this work is to describe long-termed tangible assets in compliance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP and compare their individual elements using financial statements of The Coca-Cola Company and Coca-Cola HBC. Part of this work will focus on ongoing convergent process. Specifity of agriculture (IAS 41) is not an object of this work.

This diploma thesis focuses on long-term tangible assets in International Financial Reporting Standards and Czech accounting legislation. My thesis deals with regulation and harmonization of accounting information, describes recognition, valuation and presentation of long-term tangible assets in IFRS and Czech legislation; US GAAP regulation is mentioned if significant. An important contribution of the thesis is a practical application concentrated on accounting policy used in practice and compliance with requirements on disclosures. Another outcome of the thesis is a comparison between IFRS and Czech legislation and summarizing the difference.

Diploma paper deals with questions of the tangible assets. The first chapter contains determination of the tangible assets and its measurement in term of generally accepted acccounting principles and analyses the depreciation policies. The second chapter focus on the tangible assets in term of International financial reporting standards (IAS/IFRS) especially according to IAS 16 Property, plants and equipment and IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations. The third chapter defines the tangible assets according to Czech legislation. Part of my paper consists of a questionnaire focused on depreciation intangible and tangible assets in Czech Republic and using taxes depreciation in the accounting.

This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of transferring the cost of acquisition of depreciable tangible assets acquired by purchase or finance lease in the corporate income tax base, and analyzes the conditions of deductibility of depreciation and rent in the tax base. The diploma thesis identifies the factors affecting the amount of the tax base for both variants of the acquisition of depreciable tangible assets and the elements of the tax optimization.