Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1938. / Lithoprinted. "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago libraries, Chicago, Illinois." Bibliography: p. 253-265.

Thesis--Berlin. / Cover title. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-[98]).

Inaug.-diss.--Strassburg. / "Die vorliegende schrift bildet den ersten teil einer arbeit, die die zollverhandlungen zwischen Österreich und Preussen von 1849 bis ... 1853 umfassen wird." Biographical sketch. "Benutzte literatur": p. 119.

"Verzeichnis der benutzten Literatur": p. 82-83.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1931. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The European Union (EU) market is important for South African citrus exporters; however, the increase in non-tariff measures (NTMs), such as SPS requirements by the EU, to some extent may have an impact on South African citrus export to the EU. For an instance, the EU adopted stricter regulations in 2013 on the number of Citrus Black Spot (CBS) interceptions, setting them at a maximum number of five, as opposed to thirty-six that were found in South African citrus exports in 2012. The adoption of such NTMs constitutes a greater challenge for South African exporters, who are required incur greater cost in complying with higher standards. South Africa has normally associated some of the NTMs imposed by the EU on citrus from South Africa, such as CBS regulations, with the internal interests of some citrus-producing European countries. The United Kingdom (UK), after Brexit and being outside the EU, may no longer be constrained by such EU interests. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of NTMs imposed by the EU on South African citrus exports to the UK. To evaluate the impact of EU NTMs on South Africa citrus, a database of NTMs was developed. Citrus products classified at HS 6-digit level exported by South Africa to the EU were included in the database. The descriptive analysis has shown evidence that, overall, the number of NTMs applied on citrus exports from South African by the EU escalated from 25 in 1988 to 1 829 in 2018. This increase in the number of NTMs coincided with a decline in the tariffs. Inventory analysis results revealed that, because the UK is a member of the EU, and even though the UK does not have citrus production, South African citrus exports to the UK faced 3.9%–16% more SPS measures than they would have if the UK was not part of the EU. Furthermore, South Africa would have faced 10%–20% more TBT measures than they would have if UK was not part of the EU. It was also found that South Africa would have faced 33%–390% more of other types of NTMs than they would have if the UK was not part of the EU. The econometric analysis revealed that South African oranges and mandarins exports are mostly affected by SPS measures, rather than any other NTM category, and their impact is higher in the rest of the EU than in the UK. The difference of -0.001 and -0.009, which is obtained by subtracting the value of the NTM (SPS) coefficient for exports to the rest of the EU and that of the UK for oranges and mandarins, respectively, represents the margin by which South African exports to the UK unnecessarily suffer for SPS measures. The results also revealed that TBT measures only affected South African oranges and mandarins exports to the rest of the EU and not to the UK. The other NTMs had no significant impact on both exports to the rest of the EU and the UK. Furthermore, tariffs had no significant impact on all citrus categories exported to the rest of the EU and the UK, across all NTM categories. One of the important findings of the study is that the impact of SPS measures is the highest in the rest of the EU as compared with UK and that TBT measures had no negative effect on citrus exports to the UK. This implies that because there are no commercial citrus orchards in the UK, citrus exporters that were likely excluded to UK when it was still under EU will likely benefit if regulations related to pests, plant health (including CBS), plant protection and territory protection are eliminated or reduced. Therefore, this study recommend that South African trade policy makers should prioritise negotiations for the reduction or removal of some of these measures that do not apply to the UK due to the absence of commercial orchards in the UK. Furthermore, the study recommends that South African citrus producers should focus on exporting more amounts of citrus to the UK, and export less to the rest of the EU since exports to UK are not affected by TBT measures. / Dissertation (MSc (Agric) (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MSc (Agric) (Agricultural Economics) / Unrestricted

The field of customs is commonly referred to as that of imports and exports. It is perceived as a maze of processes, procedures, and forms required to enable a customs administration to perform their wide range of responsibilities. One of the responsibilities of a customs administration is the collection of duties, which necessitates classification of the goods in question. This study sets out to determine the extent of customs control in relation to tariff classification in South Africa. The starting point is the establishment of the foundations of customs, both internationally and in South Africa. After origin and valuation, tariff classification is the third technical customs-related focus area. An analysis of the responsibilities of the customs administration in South Africa confirms the importance of revenue collection and, subsequently, tariff classification. As a result of South Africa’s membership of the World Customs Organization, specific obligations in relation to tariff classification are incurred. The implementation and application of the international provisions are considered and compared in South Africa, Australia, and Canada. Not only is South Africa’s existing legislation considered, but also two new Acts. It is found that despite similarities in the implementation of the Harmonized System Convention into the legislation of the three countries, South Africa’s existing legislation makes the most detailed provision for the Harmonized System and its aids. This is based on the finding that the legislation in Australia and Canada, as well as the two new Acts in South Africa, do not have the same comprehensive provisions. A critical review of the varying processes of classification in the three countries suggests that more suitable and effective processes could be implemented in South Africa. In addition, a synopsis of some of the principles developed in case law is provided and compared. In relation to facilitation, the access to relevant information and the adequacy thereof, as well as the availability of rulings, are considered. Differences in the approach to dispute resolution in the three countries are furthermore provided. Proposals are made to address the discrepancies in the implementation and application of the legislation, the process of classification, the principles developed in case law, the enhancement of related guides, the publication of tariff classification rulings, and the extent of facilitation and dispute resolution. Finally it is recommended that an independent and expert tribunal is established to adjudicate technical customs matters. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Mercantile Law / Unrestricted

Thesis advisor: S. Anukriti / I examine how increases in the tariff rate impacted market prices and household consumption of imported rice in Nigeria during 2001-2018. I find that the country-level tariff pass-through for imported rice was 7 percent and occurred three-months after implementation. When faced with increases in the tariff-rate, households decrease their consumption of imported rice. Households that face greater exposure to the tariff rate decrease their consumption more than those that are less exposed. The relatively small tariff pass-through and the responsiveness of consumption to increases in the tariff rates are crucial pieces of information for informing Nigeria’s future rice policy. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

No description available.

This thesis examines John C. Calhoun's shift from a more nationalist to a more states' rights position. The study explores the evolution of his thought from the War of 1812 until the early 1830s. Using the debate surrounding the policy issues of the National Bank, internal improvements and protective tariffs as markers along this timeline, the thesis examines Calhoun's writings regarding each of these issues, highlighting any changes or consistencies; more specifically, it explores the relationship between Calhoun's shift in position and the issues and events of the era. / Master of Arts