Orientadores: Maria Cecília Bueno Jayme Gallani, Karina de Lemos Sampaio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Piovesana_PauladeMoura_M.pdf: 2223692 bytes, checksum: ebfdcd591157ef660b39154a725711dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a sensibilidade gustativa ao sal bem como sua relação com o consumo dietético de sal entre hipertensos e testar as relações entre sensibilidade gustativa, perfil clínico e sociodemográfico. Participaram do estudo 54 sujeitos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica, com idade entre 30 e 65 anos e um grupo de voluntários com 54 normotensos com idade entre 30 e 65 anos. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram obtidos por meio de uma entrevista; o consumo de sal foi avaliado por meio de métodos de auto-relato (sal per capita, Questionário de Frequência Alimentar de Sódio - QFASó e recordatório alimentar de 24h) e da excreção urinária de sódio.Os limiares gustativos de detecção e de reconhecimento do sal foram avaliados por meio de soluções com cloreto de sódio em concentrações ascendentes pareadas com água destilada. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e a seguir submetidos às análises inferenciais: chi-quadrado para verificação de associações de variáveis categóricas, como sociodemográficas e clínicas, Mann-Whitney para comparação entre grupos de variáveis de contínuas, coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para avaliar a correlação entre os métodos de avaliação de consumo de sal e os limiares e a regressão linear para identificar variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas que explicariam a variabilidade dos limiares. O limiar de detecção médio foi de 0,011 ± 0,016 mol/L e o de reconhecimento foi de 0,020 ± 0,031 mol/L, ambos maiores entre os homens. Hipertensos apresentaram maiores limiares que os normotensos. Os limiares apresentaram correlação positiva com a idade e inversa com a renda e escolaridade na amostra total. O consumo de sódio estimado pelos diferentes métodos foi excessivo para hipertensos e normotensos, e ocorreu principalmente devido uso do sal no domicílio. Na amostra total, o limiar de reconhecimento correlacionou-se com o consumo de sódio avaliado pelo sal per capita (r=0,21, p=0,03) e com o consumo total (r=0,23, p=0,017). Entre os normotensos, houve correlação do limiar de reconhecimento com o QFASó (r=0,28, p=0,0432). O consumo de sódio avaliado por meio do sal per capita e do QFASó foi positivamente correlacionado aos limiares. Os valores médios da pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, o índice de massa corpórea e a cintura abdominal foram maiores entre hipertensos; na amostra como um todo, estas variáveis foram associadas significativamente com aumentos de ambos os limiares. O sexo e a medida da cintura abdominal foram preditores independentes dos limiares. O uso de métodos de auto-relato para estimar o consumo de sódio e avaliação dos limiares podem colaborar no delienamento de intervenções direcionadas para a educação em saúde. Campanhas e intervenções direcionadas para redução no consumo de sal, devem considerar o além do comportamento alimentar, as alterações no paladar, na população em geral, priorizando hipertensos, e os indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate salt taste sensitivity and its relationship with salt consumption among hypertensive subjects and to test the relation between taste sensitivity and sociodemographic & clinical profiles. This study enrolled hypertensive (n=54) and normotensive subjects (n=54), aged between 30 and 65 years. Sociodemographic data were obtained through interview and salt intake was evaluated with self-reported measures (discretionary salt, FFQ, and 24-hour recall) and through 24-hour urinary sodium.. Detection and recognition thresholds were assessed using solutions containing sodium chloride concentrations in ascending test paired with distilled water. Descriptive and inferential analysis were applied: chi-square test for verification of associations of categorical variables, Mann-Whitney test for comparison of continuous variables between groups, Spearman correlation test to assess the correlation between methods of salt intake and thresholds, and linear regression to identify sociodemographic and clinical variables that could explain the variability of the thresholds. The detection threshold was 0.011 ± 0.016 mol/L and the recognition threshold was 0.020 ± 0.031 mol/L, both were greater among men. Hypertensive presented higher thresholds than the normotensives. The thresholds were positively correlated with age and inversely with individual and family incomes and schooling in the total sample. Sodium intake estimated by different methods was excessive for hypertensive and normotensive, and it was given primarily because of salt use at home. In the total sample, the recognition threshold was correlated with sodium intake assessed by the discretionary salt (r=0.21, p=0.03) and total consumption (r=0.23, p=0.017). Among normotensive, there was a correlation between recognition threshold and FFQ (r=0.28, p=0.0432). Sodium intake given by discretionary salt and FFQ were positively correlated with the thresholds. The average values of systolic blood pressure, diastolic and mean, body mass index and waist circumference were higher among hypertensives, and in the sample as a whole, these variables were positively associated with increases in both thresholds. Sex and waist circumference were independent predictors of both thresholds. The use of self-report methods for estimating sodium intake and assessment thresholds can collaborate for the design of interventions in health education. Campaigns and targeted interventions to reduce salt intake, should consider the addition of nutritional behavior related to salt intake, changes in taste, in the general population, specially for hypertensive individuals, and those presenting overweight or obesity / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

The effect of time on taste threshold was examined in 30 diabetics and 30 control subjects (ages 22-30) who had participated in a sensory study 14 years previously. Detection and recognition taste thresholds for sweet (sucrose), salty (sodium chloride), sour (citric acid), and bitter (quinine sulfate) were assessed using triangle testing. Food preferences related to concentration of the stimuli in model food systems were tested using a nine-point hedonic scale. Mashed potatoes were used as the carrier for different levels of salt. A beverage composed of water, sucrose, and citric acid was varied to measure preferences for sweet and sour tastes. Demographic, health status, and selected dietary and food consumption information were also obtained. In the initial study, the diabetic group had higher detection and recognition thresholds for sweet, salty, and bitter stimuli than the control group. Although the control group still had lower thresholds for most of the stimuli (except for recognition of sour and salty), the majority of the diabetics either remained at their same taste sensitivity or improved their ability to perceive the stimuli over the 14-year period. With the exception of recognition of bitter by diabetics, both groups improved in their ability to identify taste sensations with age. Overall, the diabetic group became better at detecting sweet, sour, and salty taste stimuli between 1977 and 1991. They also became more sensitive to recognizing sweet and salty taste stimuli. For each set of food samples, a significant relationship existed between rating and sample. Samples with moderate levels of sodium chloride, citric acid, or sucrose were the most preferred . There was not a significant difference between the diabetic and control groups in their rating of the samples. Diabetic and control groups did not rate the samples significantly different. Additionally, threshold was not related significantly with rating of mashed potato samples or beverage-sour solutions. However, sucrose recognition thresholds and preference for sucrose concentration in beverage-sweet solutions were significantly related. Subjects with higher threshold values tended to rate the samples with higher concentrations of sucrose higher. There were no noteworthy correlations between the reported levels of salt consumption and salt thresholds, between sugar consumption and sucrose thresholds, nor between liking sour foods and citric acid thresholds.

In addition to the contribution of lipids to food texture and aroma, the effect of lipids on taste perception is now commonly studied. It has been found that lipids may affect taste perception through lipid composition (i.e., cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids). This study assessed the effect of lipid composition on the recognition thresholds of the basic tastes (i.e., sour, umami, bitter, salty, sweet) in emulsion model systems as well as taste intensities perceived at low suprathreshold concentrations. Taste thresholds and intensities in corresponding aqueous systems were determined for comparison. To evaluate the effect of lipid chemical composition on tastant detection, 20% oil emulsions were formulated with either anhydrous milk fat, soybean oil, or a blend comprised of a 1:1 ratio (by weight) of milk fat and soybean oil. Prior to taste testing, emulsions were deemed to have the necessary physicochemical characteristics (i.e., stability, pH, droplet size, viscosity) for use in taste experiments. Thresholds were determined according to the ASTM forced-choice ascending concentration series method using 11 trained panelists. Taste intensities were rated on a numerical scale of zero to 15 by 10 trained panelists. As expected, aqueous thresholds were generally lower than those of respective emulsions; however, these differences were not always found to be significant. Though lipid composition affected emulsion thresholds slightly for all tastes except bitter, a significant relationship between thresholds and fat composition was not established. Taste intensity appears to increase proportionally to increases in tastant concentration at suprathreshold concentrations near recognition threshold. Some results from taste intensity experiments indicate that fatty acid composition may be influencing results, but the implications are unclear based upon these experiments. These results suggest that the role of lipids in taste perception is more complex than simply correlating with an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in general.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with taste acuity in healthy older European adults aged 55-87 years, employing a factorial independent design to recruit older adults from centres in France, Italy and United Kingdom. Adults aged 70-87 years (N=387) were recruited in Rome (Italy) (n=108) and Grenoble (France) (n=91) and aged 55-70 years in Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) (n=93) and Clermont-Ferrand (C-F) (France) (n=95). A signal detection theory (SDT) approach was used for detection threshold assessment of the four basic tastes (salt; sweet; bitter; and, sour). Trial data were converted to R-indices. Diet was assessed by means of four day food diaries. Dietary data were converted using WISP and then reduced, using a principal components analysis, to four components: Component 1 'high fat and salt'; Component 2 'high vitamins and fibre'; Component 3 'high fat and carbohydrate'; and, Component 4 'high trace elements'. Socio-demographic information was collected by self report survey. Four separate regression analyses were carried out, one for each of the four basic taste qualities (sweet; sour; bitter; salt). Mean ROC scores for each taste quality were the response variables and age, sex, country, social class and dietary components were predictor variables. The main predictors of taste acuity were age, sex, social class and country, which had differential effects for each taste quality. These data suggest that socio-demographic and cultural factors should be taken into account when considering taste acuity in older people.