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Daňová diskriminace / Tax discriminationTecl, Jan January 2012 (has links)
The thesis focuses on the discriminatory treatments in the Czech tax law. The aim is to analyze the Czech Income Tax Act and the Value Added Tax Act to identify possible tax discriminations. The thesis studies infringement procedures leaded by the European Commission and it also studies cases of the European Commission against the Czech Republic on this matter and cases that can have impact on the Czech Republic because non discrimination is one of the primary principles of EU law. The identified discriminations should be removed in such a way that the Czech tax legislation does not discriminate against any group of taxpayers
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L’arbitrage des différends fiscaux en droit international des investissements. / Arbitration of tax disputes in international investment lawGildemeister, Arno 02 November 2011 (has links)
L'arbitrage des litiges fiscaux entre particuliers et Etats semblait, récemment encore, ne pas aller de soi. Ces dernières années ont cependant vu naître une jurisprudence arbitrale mettant la fiscalité à l'épreuve du droit international des investissements. La présente thèse s'attache à retracer et évaluer ce phénomène, qui soulève de nombreux sujets juridiquement complexes et politiquement délicats.Ces arbitrages sont sous-tendus par une dialectique subtile opposant protection des investisseurs et souveraineté fiscale de l'Etat d'accueil. La poursuite de ces deux objectifs concurrents constitue la trame de questions épineuses. Les arbitres doivent ainsi, par exemple, apprécier la portée réelle des garanties de stabilisation ou d'exemption fiscales accordées à des investisseurs étrangers, ou encore déterminer si une mesure fiscale constitue une expropriation déguisée, une discrimination prohibée ou un traitement injuste ou inéquitable, au sens d'un traité d'investissement.Avant de trancher ces litiges, les arbitres doivent nécessairement examiner si l'Etat a véritablement – et valablement – consenti à ce que l'exercice de ses prérogatives fiscales soit apprécié par une justice « privée », et si les garanties matérielles inscrites aux traités d'investissement s'appliquent aux mesures fiscales.Une vue d'ensemble de ces affaires révèle, d'une part, que la fiscalité s'accommode sans difficulté particulière de la voie arbitrale, celle-ci constituant une méthode fonctionnelle de règlement des litiges fiscaux internationaux, et d'autre part, que les solutions jurisprudentielles sont globalement satisfaisantes, les arbitres sachant prendre en compte les particularités du sujet. / One might not think that tax disputes should ordinarily be susceptible to resolution through arbitration. However, recent years have seen the unfolding of an arbitral jurisprudence that puts taxation to the test of international investment law. The present thesis seeks to give an account of and evaluate this phenomenon, which raises numerous legally complex and politically delicate issues.These arbitrations consist, fundamentally, in balancing the need to protect investors with the respect for the fiscal sovereignty of the host State. The pursuit of these two competing goals lays the ground for inevitably thorny questions. Thus, arbitrators are called upon to examine the validity and reach of stabilization guarantees or of tax exemptions granted to foreign investors, or even to determine if a tax measure amounts to a disguised expropriation, a prohibited discrimination, or inequitable treatment, in the meaning of an investment treaty.Before resolving these issues, arbitrators must ascertain whether the State has really – and validly – consented to submit the exercise of its taxation powers to the scrutiny of a ‘ private ' legal process, and whether the relevant guarantees enshrined in investment treaties apply to the tax measures in question.An analysis of these matters reveals that arbitrators can address questions of tax law without any particular difficulty and that arbitration is a practical method of dealing with these international tax disputes. Moreover, the solutions reached by international arbitral tribunals are, on the whole, satisfying, as arbitrators take into account the particular needs entailed in balancing the public and private interests at stake.
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