This master thesis deals with the rising issue telated to tax competition and its consequences. It si observed and analyzed the tax policy in four central-european economies: Czech republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia during last 10-12 years. The objective is to find out how much is the policy in particular countries different and which one is the most active in promotion of tax competition. The work focus on statutary corporate income tax rates, implicit rates and the overall tax burden in the observed economies. We come to the conclusion that the tac competition oriented policy is most obvious in Slovakia followed by Czech republic and Hungary. In case of Austria we can see that effect of tax competiton in a small region can not be ignored which leads to undertake several steps in order to remain competiitive.

The goal of this work is to analyse advantages and limits of tax measures taken to fight the crisis in period 2008 to 2010. In this work are motives and consequences (economic stimulation vs. needed state budget income) described. To achieve the goal of this work next methods were used: literature review, analysis, comparison and deduction. The research is focused on tax measures taken to fight the crisis all over the world, then specially in the Czech Republic. The comparison of most frequent tax measures in EU and OECD shows the tendency to take the advantage of stimulation effect of lowering taxes (mostly corporate income tax and taxation of labour). In the analysis of concrete measures economic and tax theory, historical and foreign experience were used. Finally the tax measures taken in the Czech Republic are similar to the main stream all over the world. The Czech anti-crisis measures are focused on lowering taxes more than on government expenditures increasing. In 2009 we can see a tendency to lowering taxes in the Czech Republic. On the other hand emphasis on fiscal function of taxes begins to prevail in 2010.

This diploma thesis analyses changes in the structural elements of personal income tax as well as of corporate income tax in the Czech Republic since 2005, investigates the development of some indicators that this issue is directly linked, and compares income taxation in the Czech Republic with the countries of the European Union and OECD. The first part is focused on the description of the initial legislative adjustments of income tax in 2004, the second part analyses significant changes in czech income tax policy from 2005 to 2010 and the last chapter evaluates the effect of amendments to the chosen indicators and compares the rate and structure of taxation in the Czech Republic with the countries of the European Union and OECD.

Tax policy and tax harmonization in the European Union countries are sensitive topics, both economically as well as politically. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the process of tax harmonization in the European Union with focus on the period from 1990 to the present and on the basis of the analysis to draw conclusions about the overall success of the harmonization. The theoretical part is dealing with tax theory, concepts of tax competition, coordination and harmonization and their impact on the economy. It is also concerning with tax policy in the European Union, its fields, goals and the legal framework. Tax harmonization in the European Union countries is analyzed in the analytical part, which is divided into two parts; the first is dealing with the process of harmonization of indirect taxes and the other with direct taxes. Both analyzes are used to draw conclusions about the success of tax harmonization and also the impacts of harmonization on the tax system in the Czech Republic.

This thetis deals with the support of research and development realized by private companies. The importance of research and development in contemporary economies is explained at the beginning of the thesis. In the second part is explained the necessity of public support of research and development and design of exploited tax incentives including measuring of their effectiveness. The final part will compare and evaluate the established policy to support private research and development in Czech Republic, United Kingdom, France, Australia and Ireland.

From 1st January 2014 the Czech Republic has to fullfil new minimum rates of excise duty on tobacco products according to requirements of the European Union. The aim of my thesis is to analyze the current state of tax policy on tobacco taxation and design the future rates with regard to the current structure of the consumption of tobacco products. The first chapter concerns mainly to the Czech legislation, the system of taxation of tobacco products, defines the basic concepts and principles, the second chapter focuses on the development and requirements of European secondary law governing the taxation of tobacco products, which is the means for the harmonization of excise duties in the European Union. There is some space given to the development of the rates of excise duty on tobacco products and revenues of this tax, including their evaluation. The final analysis compares alternatives of the tax rates as they could be set from 2014 following the development of the future exchange rate according to the Ministry of Finance forecasts and at different rates of value added tax.

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This dissertation consists of three separate but interrelated studies examining the formation and management of tax policies. The first study uses stakeholder theory (ST) to investigate the strategic management practices of the Transport for London (TfL) during discrete stages in the adoption, implementation, and amendments of the tax policy reform known as the London Congestion Charge (LCC). Results indicate that TfL has utilized power, legitimacy, and urgency as its main policy management tactics with a significant emphasis on legitimatizing the LCC and its subsequent policy amendments. The second study draws on social exchange theory (SET) to reexamine the relationship between corporations and legislators during tax policy processes. Data for the study come from publicly available political action committee (PAC) contribution activities surrounding the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA07). By examining the endogeneity between legislators’ voting patterns and PAC contributions by corporations, this study aims to refine empirical work on corporate political strategy, especially as it relates to crucial tax provisions embedded within an intensely debated policy proposal. Using simultaneous equations modeling (SEM), results are consistent with SET showing that an implicit and reciprocal relationship exists between corporations and legislators. This relationship affects the interdependence of how legislators vote for public policies and the amount of corporations’ financial contributions to legislators. The third study investigates and aims to validate the empirical applicability of Dahan’s (2005) typology of political resources in explicating the political interactions between stakeholder groups and legislators in the development of EISA07. I discuss how and why the mode of operations and various political resources employed by stakeholder groups affected the iii final EISA07 language concerning domestic production deduction tax credits for the oil and gas industry. Publicly available data show that both supporting and opposing stakeholder groups employ tactics consistent with Dahan’s (2005) typology. However, both stakeholder groups tend to use an interactive or positive political approach to gain access and favor of legislators instead of an adversarial approach. Ultimately, the tax credits were preserved. Taken as a whole, the three studies advance the tax and public policy research literature in accounting by studying how and why relevant stakeholders affect the formation and ongoing management of public and tax policies

This dissertation consists of three separate but interrelated studies examining the antecedents and consequences of sales and use tax (SUT) policy. The first study investigates whether elements of the SUT system influence elements of economic development, and tests whether SUT rates and/or bases influence state-aggregated levels of capital expenditures and employment within the manufacturing sector from 1983-2006. Results indicate that elements of the tax base (i.e., SUT exemptions) affect these indicators of economic development, but the same relationship was not seen for SUT rates. The second study examines individual taxpayer compliance across different tax settings (i.e., the state use tax compared to the federal income tax) and tests whether differences in detection mechanisms, social norms, or ignorance explain these differences in compliance. Based on a final sample of 148 taxpayers, results show that social norms had an important influence on tax compliance differences across tax settings. The third study investigates the antecedents of states' adoption of the Streamlined Sales & Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA) using both a cross-sectional empirical model and an in-depth qualitative case study of three states. Both the model and case study suggest that governmental interest groups, rather than businesses, play an important role in the adoption of inter-jurisdictional tax policy changes. Overall, the three studies within this dissertation all advance the SUT literature by using various theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches to demonstrate that governmental interest groups influence the adoption of SUT policy (antecedents), and that SUT provisions in turn influence business and individual decisions alike (consequences).