This thesis comprises three essays on the international movement of merchandise and people. The first essay measures the effects of foreign aid flows on a donor's merchandise exports. On average, donor countries tie approximately 50% of their foreign aid to exports, but the export stimulation of aid may exceed the amount that is directly tied. This essay uses the gravity model of trade to statistically test the link between aid and export expansion. The results suggest that aid is associated with an increase in exports of goods amounting to 120% of the aid. The essay also makes comparisons among donors and finds that Japan, which has drawn harsh criticism for using aid to gain unfair trade advantages, derives less merchandise exports from aid than the average donor. The second essay investigates the effects of immigration on Canada's pattern of trade. I derive three alternative functional forms capturing the relationship between immigration and trade based on the proposition that immigrants use their superior "market intelligence" to exploit new trade opportunities. I then employ province-level trade data with over 150 trading partners to identify immigrant effects and obtain results suggesting that immigrants account for over 10% of Canada's exports. The third essay addresses the question of whether tax differences contribute toward the brain drain from Canada to the U.S. This essay tests whether the U.S.'s lower taxes draw Canadians south by examining a sample of Canadians living in Canada and a sample of Canadians living in the U.S. Using information from these samples I estimate how much these individuals would earn in the opposite country and estimate the taxes they would pay. I find that the people who have the most to gain in income and in tax-savings are the most likely to choose to live in the U.S., and thus corroborate the claim that tax differences contribute toward Canada's brain drain. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This research explores the impact of complexity in federal income tax laws on taxpayer compliance. The primary research question is: Is complexity in the tax law associated with noncompliance? The research is unique in that previous work has not yet demonstrated an a priori circumstance in which taxpayers do not comply with the law when compliance would be in their economic self-interest. "Economic self-interest" is narrowly construed in this study, being defined as an individual's utility for saving tax dollars. "Complexity" is operationalized by the system of nonresident taxation. A situation is investigated wherein a set of taxpayers do not comply, when there is complexity in the tax law, even though compliance would reduce their tax liability. Examining compliance in this setting renders it unlikely that the confound opportunity to evade is related to observed noncompliance. The results indicate complexity is the key explanatory variable for noncompliance found in this study. / Ph. D.

This research tests for persistence in tax generated earnings changes. Earnings persistence is indicated by the capitalization of earnings by securities markets. This research disaggregates accounting earnings and examines the security markets’ evaluation of the relative permanence or transience of the component of earnings resulting from revenue law changes. Two proxies for tax generated earnings changes are evaluated though an examination of earnings response coefficients. The results indicate that tax generated earnings changes are not expected to persist beyond two accounting periods, and may reflect the ability of firms to manage tax earnings. / Ph. D.

The objectives of this study were twofold. One objective was to analyze the effects of growth in the social security tax, when combined with recent changes in U.S. income tax law, on the distribution of the combined income and social security tax burden during the 1980s. The second objective was to estimate the effects of certain proposals for social security tax reform upon that distribution. The above analyses were performed using simulation techniques applied to the 1984 IRS Individual Tax Model File. The data from this file were used to estimate the income and social security tax liabilities for sample taxpayers under tax law in effect in 1980, 1984 and 1988 and under fourteen proposals for social security reform (under 1988 law). The results indicated that the income tax distribution was almost 25 percent more progressive under 1988 tax law than under 1980 tax law. In contrast, the combined distribution of income and social security taxes was almost 25 percent less progressive under 1988 income and social security tax law relative to 1980. Two types of social security tax reform were analyzed. One type consisted of reforms to the basic social security tax structure, such as removal of the earnings ceiling, provision of exemptions and replacement of the current single tax rate with a two-tiered graduated rate structure. The second type of reform consisted of proposals to expand the theoretical tax base subject to the social security levy. The results suggested that these reforms could generate substantial increases in progressivity in the combined tax distribution. In general, it would appear that changes in the social security tax structure could generate greater improvements in progressivity than expansion of the theoretical tax base, although the greatest improvement was associated with a combination of these two reforms. With regard to horizontal equity, expansion of the theoretical tax base generated the most improvement.

One perceived deficiency in the tax system is its unfairness (inequity). One area in which unfairness has been alleged is the favoritism shown toward homeowners. The focus of this study was on the effects of homeowner preferences on the Federal tax system. The overall impact of homeowner preferences can be said to produce three major results—loss of revenue, reduction in horizontal equity, and reduction in vertical equity.

Purpose of the study was to determine effect, if any, of tax credit legislation for contributions to higher education in Indiana, Michigan, and North Dakota. Secondary purposes were twofold: 1) to discover differences in patterns of giving to public and private institutions of higher education, and 2) to compare existing tax credit laws and develop recommendations for model legislation.Data, collected from published journals and reports of private and governmental agencies, were subjected to analyses for consistency and compatibility in order to assure validity in interpretation. All dollar amounts were converted to 1967 Constant Dollar Values for analysis.Data for voluntary giving in areas of business and corporate giving, non-alumni giving, giving by other groups, and alumni giving for individual institutions were compared with composite national data for giving to higher education.Findings1. Annual reports of voluntary giving to higher education have presented raw data reflecting a growth of 40 percent for 1970-1977, when converted to real dollar purchasing power, a loss in excess of 8 percent is documented.2. Growth in voluntary giving to institutions studied exceeded growth on a national basis; growth in giving to public institutions far exceeding growth in giving to private institutions.3. Voluntary giving to higher education by business and industry has declined during a period when growth would have been expected.4. Tax credit legislation is possible in all states.Conclusions1. Voluntary giving to higher education in Indiana, Michigan, and Forth Dakota, states having tax credits for gifts to higher education, increased at rates demonstrably greater than the rate of increase for the national composite.2. Growth in voluntary giving to higher education was directly related to length of time the tax credit law has been in effect.Implications1. Voluntary giving to higher education is directly related to fund raising campaign efforts causing wide fluctuations in year-to-year levels of giving.2. Growth in voluntary giving to higher education using a tax credit is related to awareness, a component of fund raising campaigns.

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The 1976 Tax Reform Act made many changes in the taxation of estate and gift transfers. Previously gifts and estates were taxed separately and the gift tax rate was 75 percent of the estate tax rate; and there was a $30,000 exemption for gifts and a $60,000 exemption for estate transfers. Under the new law the exemptions were repealed and replaced with a unified credit against the tax; and the tax on estate and gift transfers was combined into one increasing rate schedule. Under the prior law, deathbed gifts were advantageous because the gift tax paid on the transfer was excluded from the taxable estate but was allowed as a credit against the estate tax since gifts within three years of the date of death were included in the gross estate unless the estate could demonstrate that the gifts were not made in contemplation of death. Under the new law, gift taxes paid on transfers which occur within three years of the date of death are included in the taxable estate.

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