L'urbanisation croissante de ces dernières décennies nécessite une connaissance approfondie de la dynamique de la biodiversité en milieu urbain afin d’aider à la mise en place de politiques de développement urbain favorisant le maintien de cette biodiversité. Ce travail de doctorat a évalué l'homogénéisation taxonomique et la composition fonctionnelle des communautés de flore spontanée le long d’un gradient d’urbanisation en prenant comme unité d’étude le jardin privatif, ainsi que la structure génétique d’une espèce de plante, Parietaria judaica.L'homogénéisation taxonomique varie le long du gradient d’urbanisation. Les jardins privatifs des centres villes étudiés seraient moins riches, mais favoriseraient la diversité taxonomique au regard de la composition spécifique des communautés de par leurs expositions, aménagements et pratiques. L'étude des traits des communautés met en évidence des variations de la composition fonctionnelle le long du gradient d’urbanisation. Les zones de forte densité de bâti filtrent des traits, notamment liés à la dispersion et à la persistance des espèces. L'endozoochorie pourrait permettre le franchissement des bâtis qui entourent les jardins.Enfin, l’absence de structure génétique de Parietaria judaica à l’échelle locale des villes suggère des échanges génétiques quelle que soit la densité de bâti, tandis qu’une structure génétique marquée est observée à l’échelle régionale, entre les trois sites.Le jardin privatif qui à l’instar des autres habitats du milieu urbain, présentent des communautés végétales qui peuvent participer aux dynamiques de la végétation urbaine. / Increasing urbanization in recent decades requires a thorough understanding of the dynamics of urban biodiversity to aid in the establishing of urban development policies to promote the biodiversity. This doctoral work evaluated the taxonomic homogenization and functional composition of spontaneous flora communities along a gradient of urbanization taking as the unit of study the private garden, and the genetic structure of a plant species, Parietaria judaica.Taxonomic homogenization varies along the urbanization gradient. The private gardens of the centers studied cities are less rich but would enhance taxonomic diversity in terms of species composition of communities through their exposure, planning and practices.The study of traits communities highlights changes in the functional composition along the urbanization gradient. High built-up density areas filter traits, in particular linked to the dispersion and persistence of species. The endozoochorie could allow the crossing of built around the gardens.Finally, the lack of genetic structure of Parietaria judaica at local scale suggests genetic exchange regardless of the built-up density, while a significant genetic structure was observed at the regional level between the three sites.The private gardens, which like the other green patchs in urban areas, have plant communities that can participate in the dynamics of urban vegetation.

Vegetation changes in Czech lowland forests over the past decades Martin Kopecký ABSTRACT To explore decadal changes in plant species diversity and composition of typical lowland forests in the Czech Republic, I compared vegetation on plots sampled decades ago with vegetation on the same plots sampled recently. First I evaluated the robustness of the approach used in my thesis. In Chapter 1, we provided the first direct test of the effect of uncertainty in original plot location on results from vegetation resurvey. We found that temporal trends in vegetation diversity and composition were comparable between exactly relocated permanent and only approximately relocated semi-permanent plots. Therefore, we conclude that the resurvey of semi-permanent plots is robust to the uncertainty in original plot location. Then, we showed that vegetation in lowland oak forest shifted from species-rich communities of thermophilous forest toward species poorer communities of mesic forest (Chapter 2). The species typical for thermophilous oak forests and nationally endangered species suffered the most significant decline. We identified as the main driver behind these changes shift from traditional coppicing toward high forest management after WWII. Further, we explored the processes behind temporal shifts in species diversity...