There is a greater recognition by Maori of the potentially harmful effects of alcohol and drugs. However there are concerns about the patterns of use and the rising incidence of alcohol and drug related risks such as; hospital admissions, domestic abuse, and alcohol and drug related convictions. As a result alcohol and drug use among Maori is a major threat to their health and well being. Consequently there is a need for models that are culturally appropriate to effectively address the problem. In New Zealand there is an increase in the use of customary Maori values, beliefs and practices in the treatment of Maori with substance abuse. This has also involved the integration of Western approaches and treatment modalities that are beneficial to Maori. However, the main purpose of the research is to give credence to Te Toi o Te Matariki model within the clinical setting. It is anticipated that the outcomes will inspire confidence in cultural model of practice in personal growth and development for Maori people who present with substance abuse. Te Toi o Te Matariki model is examined in the context of the Te Ara Hou residential drug and alcohol programme, a service provided by Raukura Hauora o Tainui (RHOT) in Auckland. The analogy is "to ascend or achieve to the highest point of the Whare Wananga (house of learning) so that the best view or position in the world is gained." It demonstrates three stages of continuous layers and has been developed in accordance with the key principles of the whakapapa (genealogy) paradigm of Te Kore, Te Po and Te Ao Marama. These principles form the infra-structure of the programme.

There is a greater recognition by Maori of the potentially harmful effects of alcohol and drugs. However there are concerns about the patterns of use and the rising incidence of alcohol and drug related risks such as; hospital admissions, domestic abuse, and alcohol and drug related convictions. As a result alcohol and drug use among Maori is a major threat to their health and well being. Consequently there is a need for models that are culturally appropriate to effectively address the problem. In New Zealand there is an increase in the use of customary Maori values, beliefs and practices in the treatment of Maori with substance abuse. This has also involved the integration of Western approaches and treatment modalities that are beneficial to Maori. However, the main purpose of the research is to give credence to Te Toi o Te Matariki model within the clinical setting. It is anticipated that the outcomes will inspire confidence in cultural model of practice in personal growth and development for Maori people who present with substance abuse. Te Toi o Te Matariki model is examined in the context of the Te Ara Hou residential drug and alcohol programme, a service provided by Raukura Hauora o Tainui (RHOT) in Auckland. The analogy is "to ascend or achieve to the highest point of the Whare Wananga (house of learning) so that the best view or position in the world is gained." It demonstrates three stages of continuous layers and has been developed in accordance with the key principles of the whakapapa (genealogy) paradigm of Te Kore, Te Po and Te Ao Marama. These principles form the infra-structure of the programme.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit te Amsterdam, 1906. / Includes "Stellingen" (p. [113]-117). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit te Amsterdam, 1906. / Includes "Stellingen" (p. [113]-117). Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this research is to provide information about the psychometric properties of technology-enhanced (TE) items and the effects these items have on the content validity of an assessment. Specifically, this research investigated the impact that the inclusion of TE items has on the construct of a mathematics test, the technical properties of these items, and the influence these item types have on test characteristics. An empirical dataset was used to investigate the impact of including TE items on a multiple-choice (MC) assessment. The test used was the Iowa End-of-Course Algebra I (IEOC-A) assessment. The sample included 3850 students from the state of Iowa who took the IEOC-A assessment in the spring of 2012. The base form of the Algebra EOC assessment consisted of 30 MC items. Sixty TE items were developed and aligned to the same blueprint as the MC items. These items were appended in sets of five to the base form, in effect resulting in 12 different test forms. The forms were randomly assigned to students during the spring administration window. Several methods were used in an attempt to form a more complete understanding of the content characteristics and technical properties of TE items. This research first examined whether adding TE items to an established MC exam had an effect on the construct of the test. The factor analysis confirmed a two-factor model comprising latent factors of MC and TE items, indicating that TE items may add a new dimension to the test. Subsequent to these findings, a more thorough analysis of the item pool was conducted and IRT analyses were done to investigate item information, test information, and relative efficiency. This analysis indicated that there may be a difference in the way students perform on MC and TE items. There is evidence in this particular pool of items that there is a difference in these two item types. This difference may manifest itself as an additional, perhaps unintended, construct on the exam. Additionally, TE items may perform differently depending on the ability level of the student. Specifically, TE items may provide more information, and measure the construct more efficiently than MC items at higher levels of ability. Finally, the quantity of TE items included on a test has the potential to affect the relative efficiency of the instrument, underscoring the importance of selecting items that reinforce the purpose and uses of the test.

Enligt modellen för Robert J. Harringtons sensoriska pyramid finns det tre faktorer att ta hänsyn till beträffande mat och dryck i kombination. Dessa innefattar grundsmakernas påverkan, texturens roll samt betydelsen av flavours. Syftet med uppsatsen är att, med utgångspunkt i Harringtons sensoriska pyramid, undersöka betydelsen av grundsmaker, munkänsla och flavours, vid mat- och dryckeskombinationer med te. Metoden som tillämpas i föreliggande uppsats är en litteraturstudie med utgångspunkt i fyra vetenskapliga artiklar. Två av fyra artiklar berör teets egenskaper. De andra två behandlar mat och dryck i kombination. Genom att redogöra för grundsmaker, munkänsla och flavours visar resultatet att en kombination mellan mat och te inte kan byggas på samma grunder som en kombination med mat och vin. Detta på grund av att dryckernas egenskaper skiljer sig åt väsentligt och därför inte kan behandlas på samma sätt i en kombination. Skillnader mellan te och vin påvisas i diskussionen för att ge en ökad förståelse för hur ett te kan kombineras med mat. Slutsatsen tyder på att grundsmaker, munkänsla och flavours har varierande betydelse beroende på dryckens egenskaper. / B-uppsatser

Increasing popularity of offsite modular construction has increased demand for transportation of very large (1000-3000 tonne) indivisible loads. Crossing poor soils presents a serious risk of ground failure, particularly as larger vehicles’ greater influence depths produce a very different soil response to conventional vehicles. Temporary haul roads designed conventionally may be excessively conservative and unaffordable as a temporary asset; cost reduction through observational risk management is sought. This thesis experimentally investigates soft silt and clay soils through cyclic triaxial testing. Particular focus is given to anisotropically normally consolidated silt, carefully manufactured through slurry consolidation to replicate liquefiable fabric. Soil samples are tested under the unusual loading conditions associated with heavy haul roads (slow, large-strain, infrequent). A new design approach for temporary heavy haul roads is demonstrated: cyclic traffic load can be used to improve soil, either by gradually rearranging fabric (medium-strain treatment) or remoulding and consolidating excess pore water pressure (large-strain treatment). Liquefiable silt benefits from both, plastic clay only from the latter. These findings, combined with a robust monitoring regime and management of heavy traffic, could be used to improve soil strength over time during operations. This could realise significant project savings and increase viability of modular construction.

This study focused on the correlation between the primary and the secondary impacts of a road development. Its methodology is aimed at coupling the conventional cost benefit analysis with an economic impact analysis. The secondary impacts of road development concentrated on the changes in land values. These changes were modelled using a new model; which related the percentage change in land values with four variables: the distance from the road; the land use; the land area; and the time that has elapsed since the completion of the roadworks. For a period of 30 years, a comparison was carried out to examine the similarities in the trends of the road users' benefits and the CLVs. Three main periods were found through this comparison. The first period is from year 0 to year 3; the second period is from year 4 after the road's opening to year 19; the last period starts from year 20 and finishes at the end of the analysis. The primary and secondary impacts in the first and the third periods of analysis behaved inversely; while the rest of the analysis period showed similar behaviour for the CLV and the RUCS. It was found that the factors affecting the degree of their similarity were traffic volume and the response of the network users to the new road. In addition, the limitation of the developed model of CLVs in terms of the variables used and particularly in their maximum and minimum values also affects the degree of similarity.

Millions are spent by authorities to maintain and repair the world's potholes. In addition to the direct costs, they can also lead to damaged vehicles and an accelerated deterioration of the road system. The potholes create traffic risks that lead to the daily loss of hundreds of work hours for drivers and passengers. Many road crews are not familiar with the proper materials and methods for pothole repair. Correct selection of pothole patching materials and proper application of repair procedures can greatly increase the longevity of pothole repairs, lead to fewer driver frustrations, and lower road maintenance budgets. The present study aims to develop innovative materials to repair of potholes by using induction heating technology. Three innovative patching materials to repair potholes are proposed, assessed and compared with conventional pothole patching materials. The first material is a combination of a prefabricated asphalt tile and a bonding layer that can be placed into a sanitised pothole and bonded by applying electromagnetic induction heating. The second material involves using prefabricated asphalt pellets to directly fill a pothole and then heated by induction. The third material comprises (1) prefabrication of binder pellets containing bitumen and steel wool that has been coated with a shell to avoid them sticking to each other; (2) the development of a mobile induction heating mixer that can mix the binder pellets with cold aggregate on-site before directly filling a pothole and compacting the mixture. In this research, their tensile and shear strength properties were assessed and demonstrated by repairing simulated potholes on testing slabs and subjected them to wheel tracking tests. The innovative patching materials showed excellent durability higher than a road repaired with cold mix asphalt. Furthermore, the innovative patching materials have been evaluated from economic and environmental standpoints and compared results with conventional hot mix and cold mix. These proposed patching materials have been applied by different raw materials and procedures, and have importance of properties that performed by laboratory tests. Based on the results of loaded wheel test, the service life of each patching materials has been calculated. An inventory was prepared to help quantify the energy requirements, material inputs, and emissions produced during production of raw materials, prefabrication of each product and their final installation. The requisite data was obtained from various sources in the literature. Two maintenance hypothesis were considered. The results showed that three innovative patching materials may be more sustainable and could reduce cost, energy usage and CO2 emissions over time in agreement with hypothesis 1. However, they may cause to increase the economic and environmental impacts over time in agreement with hypothesis 2.

Skid resistance is considered as one of the contributing factors that affect traffic accidents; it is considered as an important property of a road surface that is required to maintain a safe road network. The main aim of this thesis is to establish new skid resistance thresholds for local authority roads. This will be accomplished through the following objectives: 1. to define new site categories based on accident layouts at different network features (e.g. junctions, roundabouts) and the relationships between accidents and geometric characteristics (such as radius of curvature and gradient), 2. to estimate the impact of traffic characteristics (natural logarithm of annual average daily flow, percentage of heavy vehicles, and speed limit); geometric characteristics (radius of curvature, gradient, number of lanes and number of minor accesses); and pavement characteristics (skid resistance, rut depth, and texture depth) on both accident frequency and rate, and 3. To analyse the relation of the expected accident frequencies and rates as a function of skid resistance. This study has included A-road networks for Norfolk, Oxfordshire and Nottinghamshire counties in England, UK. These networks are divided into different site categories these site categories are: 1. non-event; 2. bends (0 - 250) m; 3. bends (250 - 500) m; 4. roundabouts; 5. junctions; 6. gradients. Four different datasets for the period 2005-2010 have been merged to construct the final unique dataset for this study. They are: 1. accident data, 2. traffic data; 3. geometric data; and 4. pavement characteristics data. A series of fixed and random parameters Negative Binomial models have been employed to investigate the effect of skid resistance on accident frequency at different site categories for the three counties. The datasets were modelled by total accidents, by road surface condition (i.e. dry and wet), and by severity level (i.e. fatal and serious or slight). In the same way fixed and random Tobit models have been employed to investigate the effect of skid resistance on accident rate. The model estimation results suggest that skid resistance is negatively associated with the frequency and rate for all accident types at all site categories. A 10% increase in skid resistance leads to a decrease in total, dry, wet, slight, and serious and fatal accident frequencies at network level by 12.24, 10.21, 16.34, 10.68 and 4.92%, respectively. A 10% increase in skid resistance (SCRIM value) leads to a decrease in total, dry, wet, slight, and serious and fatal accident rates at network level by 6.32%, 10.62%, 12.52%, 3.31%, and 4.87%, respectively. This thesis contributes to knowledge in terms of accident prediction approach, showing that application of random parameters modelling as a new approach applied in the UK to estimate accident frequency and rate on A - road networks. This method is introduced as a sufficient approach for the researcher due to the ability to account and correct for heterogeneity, which can arise as a result of several factors relating to the characteristics of traffic, geometric and pavement characteristics. In addition, the random parameters model approach provides a reasonable understanding of the main factors that affect accident frequency and rate. Therefore, this approach allows the researcher to identify and control for confounding factors that may bias estimation. In addition, new skid resistance thresholds for different site categories are established based on the analysis of expected accident frequencies (outputs of random parameters Negative Binomial models); and the analysis of expected accident rates (outputs of random parameters Tobit models) as function of skid resistance.