ing how it is used in traditional cultures with special focus on the local ‘Lenasian’ Indian culture. Concentrating on the various ways it is made, cultivated, types of small scale production and its sensory experiences. Emphasis has been placed on the required infrastructure, specific climate requirements, the sensory experience of local tea culture and its feasibility. Drinking tea has many health benefits, many of which grow stronger with scientific literature being published through modern medicinal research. Tea has been a beverage that is proven to have health promoting properties since the early periods in history. Medicinal research and studies provide evidence and a scientific basis for these ancient beliefs. A deeper investigation into how the properties of tea drinking support medicinal healing benefits strengthen the argument into Indian culture and traditions. Thus a number of healing and meditative spaces are used as programs that complement the cultural links and aesthetics behind tea production and consumption within the context of Lenasia. Emphasis is placed on the philosophies and ideas behind healing spaces, as well as how shapes, materials and forms can be derived to complement the psychological and vitality of healing. The effect of this research and project is to create a tea sanctuary in Lenasia that aims to infuse the ideas behind the consumption of Indian tea, with the surrounding local Indian cultures and traditions. The sanctuary will have a specific focus on the natural (herbal) medicinal and therapeutic practices, how they can be instilled within the local Indian traditions and act as a catalyst to bring a therapeutic and recreational character to the area. A series of structures within the landscape will aim to complement the existing history of the area, green houses will be proposed to grow the tea and form the backbone to the array of social activities on offer. Tea is the second most consumed drink in the world, after water. It has an extensive history behind it which has grown to connect a variety of people and their cultures throughout the world. There is a special connection between the tradition of drinking tea and the local Indian community within Lenasia. It would be great if we could use the ideas behind tea drinking traditions and its history as a way to celebrate Indian culture in Lenasia and bring attention as well as an identity to the local community. / MT 2019

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the international tea trade. The first part of this thesis covers the major producers and consumers of tea trade. The second part of the thesis covers different methods on how to trade such as trades done through auctions and new ways of trading such as forward prices as well as direct prices also known as direct sales. The third part of the thesis covers perspectives and new trends of tea trading.

This dissertation explores how the tea-growing districts of China and colonial India were integrated into the global division of labor over a formative century of boom-bust expansion. I explore this history of competition by highlighting two dimensions of economic and intellectual change: the intensification of agrarian labor and the synchronous emergence of new paradigms of economic thought. As tea exports from China and India soared and competition grew fiercer, planters, factory overseers, peasants, and government officials shifted their attention from the wealth-creating possibilities of commerce to the value-creating potential of labor and industrial production. This study also historically situates two older, teleological assumptions in the field of Asian economic history: the inevitability of industrialization and of proletarianization. Both assumptions emerged from social and economic transformations during the nineteenth century. In particular, periodic market crises compelled Chinese and colonial Indian officials to seriously question older "Smithian" theories premised upon the "sphere of circulation." Instead, both regional industries pursued interventionist measures focused on the "abode of production." In India, officials passed special laws for indentured labor recruitment. In China, reformers organized tea peasants and workers into agrarian cooperatives. Finally, colonial officials and Bengali reformers in India agreed that they needed to liberate the unfree "coolie" from the shackles of unfree labor. And in China, reformers articulated a critique of rentier "comprador" merchants and moneylenders who exploited peasant labor. Thus, although the "coolie" and "comprador" became twentieth-century symbols of Asian economic backwardness, they were each, as concepts, produced by profound social and economic changes that were dynamic, eventful, and global in nature.

Inaug.-Diss.--Leipzig. / Lebenslauf. Literatur-Angabe": p. [2-3].

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li Taiwan da xue. / Reproduced from typescript. Appendix (p. 217): Qing xi li dui zhao biao (1860-1895) eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. 880-04 Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-216).

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li Taiwan da xue. / Reproduced from typescript. Appendix (p. 217): Qing xi li dui zhao biao (1860-1895) eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. 880-04 Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-216).

Zugl.: Heidelberg, University, Diss., 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [235]-246).

by Cheung Pui Kay, Michelle, Lo Yuk Yi, Angel. / Includes Chinese questionnaire. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [12]-[15] (2nd group)). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF EXHIBITS --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.6 / Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Definition of New Product --- p.11 / Stages of New Product Development Process --- p.13 / Opportunity Identification --- p.14 / Ideation --- p.14 / Screening --- p.15 / Development --- p.15 / Commercialization --- p.16 / Concept Testing --- p.16 / New Product Launch --- p.19 / Comparative Market Analysis --- p.20 / Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.21 / Research Design --- p.21 / Data Collection --- p.23 / Secondary Data Collection --- p.23 / Primary Data Collection --- p.24 / Sampling --- p.26 / Sampling Method --- p.26 / Sampling Size --- p.27 / Contruction of Questionnaire --- p.28 / Field Work --- p.30 / Data Analysis --- p.30 / Editing --- p.30 / Coding --- p.31 / Method of Analysis --- p.32 / Chapter V. --- LIMITATIONS --- p.39 / Sampling Control --- p.39 / Information Control --- p.40 / Administration Control --- p.42 / Limitations on Concept Testing --- p.42 / Chapter VI. --- FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.44 / Market Overview --- p.44 / RTD tea market in USA --- p.44 / RTD tea market in Hong Kong --- p.51 / Current Situation in the Soft Drinks Market --- p.60 / The Preference for Drinks When Water is Not Available --- p.60 / Number of Tea Drinkers in the Market --- p.61 / The Reasons for Not Drinking Tea --- p.62 / General Situation of Tea Market --- p.63 / Consumption Rate of Tea --- p.63 / Hotness of Tea Preferred --- p.64 / Occasions for Drinking Tea --- p.65 / Place Where People Get Tea --- p.66 / Reasons For Drinking Tea --- p.68 / The Type of Tea Frequently Drank --- p.69 / The Types of Drinks Used to Substitute for Tea --- p.71 / General Situation of RTD tea Market --- p.72 / Number of RTD tea Drinker in Hong Kong --- p.72 / Willingness to Try RTD tea for those Non-RTD tea Drinker --- p.73 / Consumption Rate of RTD tea --- p.73 / Popularity of Various Types of RTD tea --- p.75 / Evaluation of the Perception of RTD tea's Attributes --- p.76 / Attributes Considered for Selecting Tea --- p.76 / Perception Towards RTD tea --- p.79 / Perceptions of RTD tea's Attributes and Their Importance to Their Customers --- p.81 / Attitudes Towards RTD tea --- p.82 / General Attitudes Towards RTD tea --- p.82 / Relationships Between Attitudes and Personal Attributes --- p.83 / Appropriate Product Lines For RTD tea --- p.89 / Tea with Added Flower Flavors --- p.90 / Tea with Added Fruit Flavors --- p.96 / Suggested Types of Tea to be Launched in RTD Version --- p.101 / Difficulties of Launching New RTD tea --- p.102 / Product --- p.102 / Promotion --- p.103 / Distribution --- p.104 / Chapter VII. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.106 / Timing --- p.106 / Product --- p.107 / Price --- p.109 / Promotion --- p.109 / Packaging --- p.110 / Distribution --- p.111 / Conclusion --- p.113 / APPENDICES / RTD Tea Participants in USA / Questionnaires / BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Truncated abstract] Conventional historical research on the tea trade focussed on the trade between the United Kingdom and China up to 1937. Very little has been done on the tea trade between China and other regions such as colonial Singapore. In addition, the focus on the overseas Chinese community in Singapore has concentrated on two opposite ends of the social ladder the rich traders or merchants who came to dominate the political, economic and social life of the community, and the coolies or those in the working class and how the harsh reality of life in colonial Singapore often quashed any dreams they had of a better life. The key focus of this dissertation is a study of the trading links between a group of Chinese traders in Singapore and commodity producers in China. To date, research into Chinese traders in Singapore has focussed on their trade in products from British Malaya such as rubber and tin. This dissertation aims to steer away from this approach, and study the relationship between Fujian tea production and trade and the Chinese tea traders in Singapore . . . This dissertation, therefore, takes a two-pronged approach. First, it examines the conditions in Fujian tea production and trade since they were the key trading concerns of the Chinese tea traders in Singapore. Secondly, the dissertation examines the political beliefs and sense of patriotism among the Chinese tea traders in Singapore and their response to major events in their lives such as the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), the Japanese Occupation of Singapore (1942-1945), the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) and self-government for Singapore from June 1959.