Each year a group of university students from English speaking countries go to Chile and work as volunteers under the National Volunteer Centre Program. The purpose of this case study is to examine how a group of novice volunteer teachers describe their experiences in a foreign country and how these experiences shape their understanding of teaching. Participants went through the process of open-ended questionnaires and one-on-one interviews of their experience. This study was sustained in the literature by the domains of volunteerism, English Language Teaching, and volunteerism and ELT, and a socio constructivist and experiential lens was adopted. Even though volunteer teaching abroad is an increasing worldwide trend, there are few studies that combine these areas, showing that the existing blend of volunteerism and English language teaching needs to be further examined. The analysis of the data showed that novice volunteer teachers experience five types of experiences when teaching English: language teaching experiences, language learning experiences, challenges, general experiences, and volunteering experiences. Novice teachers recalled their expectations before teaching and those were maintained, modified, or unfulfilled. Volunteers stated what teaching means to them after working in public schools, they were able to describe diverse language teaching experiences, and make recommendations to future volunteers.

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate external and internal factors that act as learning demotivators that can discourage students from learning in Japanese high school English classrooms. More than 1,200 students responded to two questionnaires designed to measure five external demotivators, Teachers, Characteristics of Classes, Experiences of Failure, Class Environment, Class Materials, and one internal demotivator, Learners‘ Lack of Interest. Using the Rasch rating scale model and confirmatory factor analysis, the questionnaire results were analyzed to test the inter-relationships among the six hypothesized demotivators. Qualitative data were also obtained from an open-ended questionnaire asking the participants what demotivated them from learning. Two models, a six-factor and a four-factor demotivation model, were tested. As the four-factor model displayed slightly better fit than the six-factor model, it was selected as the final model. In this model, the first-order latent variable that best explained Demotivation was Experiences of Difficulty (b = .74), which was followed by Class Environment (b = .72), and Loss of Interest (b = .71). In contrast to the findings of previous studies, teachers‘ direct behaviors (b = .51) were the least influential of all the demotivators studied. In a follow up study, relationships between the teacher ratings of students‘ motivation, the students‘ perception of their current motivational level and their motivation in high school were investigated. Although it was anticipated that students‘ self-reported motivational states and teacher ratings of students‘ motivation would have a reasonably strong relationship, a series of regression analyses indicated that the teacher rating of students‘ motivation was not significantly related to either motivational level. While students might appear to be motivated in the classroom from the teachers‘ point of view, the students might feel otherwise. The first important finding concerned the two hypothesized demotivation models that were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. In the final four-factor model, the first-order latent variable that best explained Demotivation was Experiences of Difficulty followed by Loss of Interest, and Class Environment. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, teachers‘ direct behaviors were the least influential of all the demotivators studied. The results revealed that Japanese high school English learners can become demotivated due to difficult experiences they encounter or loss of interest in studying in the classroom. While influences from teacher behaviors can also cause demotivation, it appears that the approach or materials that focus on difficult reading passages and/or vocabulary cause the strongest sense of demotivation. The second important findings concerned group differences. The high and low motivation groups and the male and female groups differed in their perceptions of Class Environment. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the first- and second-year groups, and the students attending academic and non-academic schools. The third finding was from the follow-up study. It was found that the teacher rating of students‘ motivation is not related to the students‘ perception of their current motivational level and their motivation in high school time. While students might appear to be motivated in the classroom from the teachers‘ point of view, the students‘ perception of their current motivational level and their motivation in high school can differ greatly. Overall, the results revealed that Japanese high school English learners can become demotivated due to the difficulties they experience in the English language classroom, or a loss of interest in classroom study. While influences from teacher behaviors can also cause demotivation, this study shows that an approach or materials that focus on difficult reading passages and/or vocabulary cause the strongest sense of demotivation. / CITE/Language Arts

The present study aimed to establish a test development and validation framework of reading-into-writing tests to improve the accountability of using the integrated task type to assess test takers' ability in Academic English. This study applied Weir's (2005) socio-cognitive framework to collect three components of test validity: context validity, cognitive validity and criterion-related validity of two common types of reading-into-writing test tasks (essay task with multiple verbal inputs and essay task with multiple verbal and non-verbal inputs). Through literature review and a series of pilot, a set of contextual and cognitive parameters that are useful to explicitly describe the features of the target academic writing tasks and the cognitive processes required to complete these tasks successfully was defined at the pilot phase of this study. A mixed-method approach was used in the main study to establish the context, cognitive and criterion-related validity of the reading-into-writing test tasks. First of all, for context validity, expert judgement and automated textual analysis were applied to examine the degree of correspondence of the contextual features (overall task setting and input text features) of the reading-into-writing test tasks to those of the target academic writing tasks. For cognitive validity, a cognitive process questionnaire was developed to assist participants to report the processes they employed on the two reading-into-writing test tasks and two real-life academic tasks. A total of 443 questionnaires from 219 participants were collected. The analysis of the cognitive validity included three stands: 1) the cognitive processes involved in real-life academic writing, 2) the extent to which these processes are elicited by the reading-into-writing test tasks, and 3) the underlying structure of the processes elicited by the reading-into-writing test tasks. A range of descriptive, inferential and factor analyses were performed on the questionnaire data. The participants' scores on these real-life academic and reading-into-writing test tasks were collected for correlational analyses to investigate the criterion-related validity of the test tasks. The findings of the study support the context, cognitive and criterion-related validity of the integrated reading-into-writing task type. In terms of context validity, the two reading-into-writing tasks largely resembled the overall task setting, the input text features and the linguistic complexity of the input texts of the real-life tasks in a number of important ways. Regarding cognitive validity, the results revealed 11 cognitive processes involved in 5 phases of real-life academic writing as well as the extent to which these processes were elicited by the test tasks. Both reading-into-writing test tasks were able to elicit from high-achieving and low-achieving participants most of these cognitive processes to a similar extent as the participants employed the processes on the real-life tasks. The medium-achieving participants tended to employ these processes more on the real-life tasks than on the test tasks. The results of explanatory factor analysis showed that both test tasks were largely able to elicit from the participants the same underlying cognitive processes as the real-life tasks did. Lastly, for criterion-related validity, the correlations between the two reading-into-writing test scores and academic performance reported in this study are apparently better than most previously reported figures in the literature. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this study is the first study to validate two types of reading-into-writing test tasks in terms of three validity components. The results of the study proved with empirical evidence that reading-into-writing tests can successfully operationalise the appropriate contextual features of academic writing tasks and the cognitive processes required in real-life academic writing under test conditions, and the reading-into-writing test scores demonstrated a promising correlation to the target academic performance. The results have important implications for university admissions officers and other stakeholders; in particular they demonstrate that the integrated reading-into-writing task type is a valid option when considering language teaching and testing for academic purposes. The study also puts forward a test framework with explicit contextual and cognitive parameters for language teachers, test developers and future researchers who intend to develop valid reading-into-writing test tasks for assessing academic writing ability and to conduct validity studies in such integrated task type.

The aim of the present study is to find out what the self-perceptions of Greek non-native speaking teachers of English (non-NESTs) are regarding their effectiveness as foreign language teachers. What is more, the study aims to explore the Greek non-NESTs’ perceptions about their teaching employability opportunities, in positions for which NESTs also apply. More specifically, in the present study, 32 non-NEST Greek participants were asked to answer a questionnaire regarding their self-perceptions as non-NEST teachers, their experiences with issues of equality in teaching employment opportunities, on the basis of their non-nativeness, and their self-perceived teaching differences and/or similarities with native speaking teachers of English. The results of the study revealed that, in general, the participants are confident in teaching the language. However, they seem to be sceptical about the possibilities of a Greek non-NEST to be preferred for a private school teaching position, over a native-speaking teacher candidate. The study also showed that the Greek participants claimed grammar and syntactic knowledge, as well as the opportunity to use their and their students’ first language (L1) during lessons, to be their most significant teaching assets -with the latter possibly further contributing to the development of the target language, as long as the non-NEST knows the appropriate mechanisms to enhance L2 literacy development through the use of the L1. At the same time, the English language levels where they report needing stronger proficiency are pronunciation and vocabulary.

This study applied the latest developments in language testing validation theory to derive a core body of evidence that can contribute to the validation of a large-scale, high-stakes English as a Foreign Language (EFL) testing program in Japan. The testing program consists of a set of seven level-specific tests targeting different levels of proficiency. This core aspect of the program was selected as the main focus of this study. The socio-cognitive model of language test development and validation provided a coherent framework for the collection, analysis and interpretation of evidence. Three research questions targeted core elements of a validity argument identified in the literature on the socio-cognitive model. RQ 1 investigated the criterial contextual and cognitive features of tasks at different levels of proficiency, Expert judgment and automated analysis tools were used to analyze a large bank of items administered in operational tests across multiple years. RQ 2 addressed empirical item difficulty across the seven levels of proficiency. An innovative approach to vertical scaling was used to place previously administered items from all levels onto a single Rasch-based difficulty scale. RQ 3 used multiple standard-setting methods to investigate whether the seven levels could be meaningfully related to an external proficiency framework. In addition, the study identified three subsidiary goals: firstly, toevaluate the efficacy of applying international standards of best practice to a local context: secondly, to critically evaluate the model of validation; and thirdly, to generate insights directly applicable to operational quality assurance. The study provides evidence across all three research questions to support the claim that the seven levels in the program are distinct. At the same time, the results provide insights into how to strengthen explicit task specification to improve consistency across levels. This study is the largest application of the socio-cognitive model in terms of the amount of operational data analyzed, and thus makes a significant contribution to the ongoing study of validity theory in the context of language testing. While the study demonstrates the efficacy of the socio-cognitive model selected to drive the research design, it also provides recommendations for further refining the model, with implications for the theory and practice of language testing validation.

Teachers undergo changes in their beliefs, knowledge and practices on an individual level as they learn how to teach. If society undergoes significant change, as Hong Kong did during the transition from British to Chinese rule in 1997, then social groups within society such as teachers are likely to react to change in different and complex ways. The purpose of this investigation is to exam.ine the changes experienced by teachers of English in Hong Kong, with a focus on teachers who received their teacher preparation at one Hong Kong institution during the final years leading up to the transition. The educational, linguistic, social and political context of Hong Kong is first described through a study of the research literature and a number of theories and models of change are presented through which the findings of the investigation are analysed. The main sources of data for the investigation consist of questionnaire responses, interview transcriptions and lesson observation reports of trainee English teachers during and after graduation from a BA course in TESL at a Hong Kong university. The main conclusions of the investigation are: (i) Educational issues and particularly those affecting ELT became more high-profile and politicised in the lead up to and after the changeover. (ii) English teachers in Hong Kong experience conflict between their desired approaches and the realities and constraints of the Hong Kong teaching context. These constraints provide a common justification for lack of innovative behaviour and make it possible for teachers to put off being innovative in the classroom indefinitely. (iii) At the same time, English teachers in Hong Kong are becoming more empowered within the educational system in reaction to challenges to their competency and as they have realised that they can affect educational policy through individual and collective action. The findings suggest that colonial discourses as documented by Pennycook (1998) of English language teaching still persist in Hong Kong, as they have been shown to do in other post-colonial societies, and Hong Kong is undergoing a post-handover period of change as it struggles to synthesise the educational legacies of the colonial period with new initiatives adopted to address Hong Kong's changing educational and social needs. The results of the research are developed into an original model of the factors impacting English language education in Hong Kong. The generic model is then elaborated in two versions, one of which applies before the changeover and the other after it.

The objective of the thesis was twofold. Firstly, to map the situation in one-year post- secondary courses of English organised by private language schools in the Czech Republic and to recommend teaching methods and materials suitable for the given age group and the aims of the courses. Secondly, to outline the legislation regulating this form of study and in view of the recent legislative changes to compile a set of arguments for preserving the student status for the course participants. The first part of the thesis summarizes the lingvodidactic principles of teaching English as a foreign language with respect to the specific characteristics of learners between 19 and 22 years of age. It also presents a brief overview of the historical development of teaching methods as a background to the methodology applicable to post-secondary courses and provides a basis for textbook evaluation and selection. In the empirical part of the thesis the organization of post-secondary courses at three private language schools was contrasted and two sets of questionnaires completed by their students were analysed. Based on the conclusions drawn in the theoretical background as well as on the output of the questionnaires the contemporary approach of principled eclecticism was recommended as the most suitable...

O presente trabalho visa a contribuir com o avanço das pesquisas na área de multimodalidade, mais especificamente na área aplicada ao contexto de ensino de língua estrangeira. Analisa-se uma amostra de textos multimodais em um livro didático produzido e utilizado no Brasil como ferramenta para o ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira para alunos adultos iniciantes em um curso livre. Tendo em vista a preocupação, apontada no próprio material didático, em atender às necessidades e expectativas desses alunos, objetiva-se, através desta investigação: verificar como se dá a interação entre o verbal e o visual no livro didático selecionado; verificar como essa interação contribui para atingir os objetivos pedagógicos propostos pelo material; e, por fim, contribuir, de alguma maneira, para o letramento multimodal de alunos em língua estrangeira. Tais objetivos determinam a natureza híbrida desta pesquisa que, além da sua dimensão analítico-descritiva, apresenta também uma dimensão pedagógica, que visa a apresentar propostas de trabalho multimodal com algumas das atividades selecionadas para análise. A seleção dos textos multimodais para a composição do corpus desta pesquisa foi baseada na observação da recorrência de imagens com determinados personagens ao longo do livro. Tal recorrência provocou questionamentos que só poderiam ser respondidos a partir da análise desses personagens representados em situações de (inter)ação, o que deu lugar à seleção das representações narrativas que os incluíssem. Os personagens em questão são desenhos criados para os fins pedagógicos do material e são representados em situações sociais muito limitadas: a maior parte dessas representações parece formar uma sequência narrativa cuja interação acontece em uma festa; entre as outras representações, que não representam a referida festa como contexto, incluem-se interações no escritório, no restaurante, no parque e ao telefone. Uma análise da representação visual desses atores sociais revelou que, apesar da inclusão de uma negra entre os personagens, e a consequente suposta visão multicultural transmitida com essa inclusão, os participantes representam um grupo homogêneo, pertencentes ao mesmo segmento social, que só interagem entre eles mesmos em situações sociais limitadas, não sendo, portanto, representativos da diversidade étnica, social e cultural do Brasil, ou dos países em que o inglês é falado. Após a análise da representação dos atores sociais, analisam-se, com vistas a atingir os objetivos deste trabalho, os padrões de representação e de interação nos textos multimodais selecionados, segundo categorias do quadro da multimodalidade de van Leeuwen (1996). Verifica-se, a partir de tais análises, que o verbal e o visual nem sempre apresentam uma relação direta, e que, quando apresentam, tal relação não é explorada pelo material, tornando o visual um elemento meramente decorativo que, na maioria das vezes, em nada contribui para o desenvolvimento das unidades. Por essa razão, e por se tratar de uma pesquisa centrada no contexto pedagógico, propõem-se, ao final das análises, atividades de exploração de alguns dos textos multimodais analisados, visando à formação multimodal do aluno em língua estrangeira / This study aims at contributing to the advancement of research in the area of multimodality, within the context of foreign language teaching. A sample of multimodal texts in a coursebook produced and used in Brazil as a tool for teaching English as a foreign language to adult beginner students in a free language course is analyzed. Given the concerns pointed out in the teaching materials themselves, in meeting the needs and expectations of these students, the objectives of this research are: to investigate the interaction between the verbal and the visual semiotic modes in the corpus; to examine how this interaction contributes to achieving the educational objectives proposed by the material; and, finally, to contribute in some way to the multimodal literacy of foreign language students. Such objectives account for the hybrid nature of this research which, apart from its descriptive-analytic dimension, also features a pedagogical dimension, aimed at presenting proposals for multimodal work with some of the activities selected for analysis. The starting point for the selection of the multimodal texts for the corpus of this research was the observation that certain characters were consistently depicted throughout the coursebook. Such recurrence motivated questions that could only be answered through the analysis of the visual elements in the representation of these characters, particularly when depicted in situations of (inter)action, which led to the selection of narrative representations that included them. The characters concerned are drawings created for the educational purposes of the material and are depicted in very limited social situations: most of these representations seem to form a narrative sequence with interactions taking place at a party, in the office, at a restaurant, in a park, and on the phone. An analysis of the visual representation of these characters showed that, despite the inclusion of a black woman among the characters, which would supposedly convey a multicultural vision, the participants represent a homogeneous group pertaining to the same social segment, who only interact in limited social situations and are not therefore representative of the ethnic, social and cultural diversity of Brazil, or of countries where English is spoken. The analysis of the visual representation of the characters was followed by investigation of the patterns of representation and interaction in the multimodal texts selected, drawing on categories from the framework for the study of multimodality by van Leeuwen (1996). These analyses suggest that the verbal and the visual are not always in a direct relationship, and that, when they are, such relationship is not exploited by the material, making the visual element a purely decorative one, in most cases, contributing very little to the development of the pedagogical objectives of the units. For this reason, some exploration activities of the multimodal texts analyzed are suggested, aiming at the multimodal literacy of foreign language students

O presente trabalho visa a contribuir com o avanço das pesquisas na área de multimodalidade, mais especificamente na área aplicada ao contexto de ensino de língua estrangeira. Analisa-se uma amostra de textos multimodais em um livro didático produzido e utilizado no Brasil como ferramenta para o ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira para alunos adultos iniciantes em um curso livre. Tendo em vista a preocupação, apontada no próprio material didático, em atender às necessidades e expectativas desses alunos, objetiva-se, através desta investigação: verificar como se dá a interação entre o verbal e o visual no livro didático selecionado; verificar como essa interação contribui para atingir os objetivos pedagógicos propostos pelo material; e, por fim, contribuir, de alguma maneira, para o letramento multimodal de alunos em língua estrangeira. Tais objetivos determinam a natureza híbrida desta pesquisa que, além da sua dimensão analítico-descritiva, apresenta também uma dimensão pedagógica, que visa a apresentar propostas de trabalho multimodal com algumas das atividades selecionadas para análise. A seleção dos textos multimodais para a composição do corpus desta pesquisa foi baseada na observação da recorrência de imagens com determinados personagens ao longo do livro. Tal recorrência provocou questionamentos que só poderiam ser respondidos a partir da análise desses personagens representados em situações de (inter)ação, o que deu lugar à seleção das representações narrativas que os incluíssem. Os personagens em questão são desenhos criados para os fins pedagógicos do material e são representados em situações sociais muito limitadas: a maior parte dessas representações parece formar uma sequência narrativa cuja interação acontece em uma festa; entre as outras representações, que não representam a referida festa como contexto, incluem-se interações no escritório, no restaurante, no parque e ao telefone. Uma análise da representação visual desses atores sociais revelou que, apesar da inclusão de uma negra entre os personagens, e a consequente suposta visão multicultural transmitida com essa inclusão, os participantes representam um grupo homogêneo, pertencentes ao mesmo segmento social, que só interagem entre eles mesmos em situações sociais limitadas, não sendo, portanto, representativos da diversidade étnica, social e cultural do Brasil, ou dos países em que o inglês é falado. Após a análise da representação dos atores sociais, analisam-se, com vistas a atingir os objetivos deste trabalho, os padrões de representação e de interação nos textos multimodais selecionados, segundo categorias do quadro da multimodalidade de van Leeuwen (1996). Verifica-se, a partir de tais análises, que o verbal e o visual nem sempre apresentam uma relação direta, e que, quando apresentam, tal relação não é explorada pelo material, tornando o visual um elemento meramente decorativo que, na maioria das vezes, em nada contribui para o desenvolvimento das unidades. Por essa razão, e por se tratar de uma pesquisa centrada no contexto pedagógico, propõem-se, ao final das análises, atividades de exploração de alguns dos textos multimodais analisados, visando à formação multimodal do aluno em língua estrangeira / This study aims at contributing to the advancement of research in the area of multimodality, within the context of foreign language teaching. A sample of multimodal texts in a coursebook produced and used in Brazil as a tool for teaching English as a foreign language to adult beginner students in a free language course is analyzed. Given the concerns pointed out in the teaching materials themselves, in meeting the needs and expectations of these students, the objectives of this research are: to investigate the interaction between the verbal and the visual semiotic modes in the corpus; to examine how this interaction contributes to achieving the educational objectives proposed by the material; and, finally, to contribute in some way to the multimodal literacy of foreign language students. Such objectives account for the hybrid nature of this research which, apart from its descriptive-analytic dimension, also features a pedagogical dimension, aimed at presenting proposals for multimodal work with some of the activities selected for analysis. The starting point for the selection of the multimodal texts for the corpus of this research was the observation that certain characters were consistently depicted throughout the coursebook. Such recurrence motivated questions that could only be answered through the analysis of the visual elements in the representation of these characters, particularly when depicted in situations of (inter)action, which led to the selection of narrative representations that included them. The characters concerned are drawings created for the educational purposes of the material and are depicted in very limited social situations: most of these representations seem to form a narrative sequence with interactions taking place at a party, in the office, at a restaurant, in a park, and on the phone. An analysis of the visual representation of these characters showed that, despite the inclusion of a black woman among the characters, which would supposedly convey a multicultural vision, the participants represent a homogeneous group pertaining to the same social segment, who only interact in limited social situations and are not therefore representative of the ethnic, social and cultural diversity of Brazil, or of countries where English is spoken. The analysis of the visual representation of the characters was followed by investigation of the patterns of representation and interaction in the multimodal texts selected, drawing on categories from the framework for the study of multimodality by van Leeuwen (1996). These analyses suggest that the verbal and the visual are not always in a direct relationship, and that, when they are, such relationship is not exploited by the material, making the visual element a purely decorative one, in most cases, contributing very little to the development of the pedagogical objectives of the units. For this reason, some exploration activities of the multimodal texts analyzed are suggested, aiming at the multimodal literacy of foreign language students

Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, über welche Überzeugungen bezüglich der Vermittlung von neuem Wortschatz im Englischunterricht Studierende und Lehrkräfte im Verlauf der Lehrkräftebildung verfügen. Sie untersucht, wie sie die Darbietung von neuem Wortschatz gestalten und begründen und hinterfragt, ob die individuellen Überzeugungen die Art und Weise der Wortschatzvermittlung beeinflussen. Ausgehend von Betrachtungen zu Überzeugungen im Kontext des Unterrichts wird die Bedeutung von Überzeugungen und deren Zusammenspiel mit Wissen herausgestellt. Der Begriff der lexikalischen Kompetenz wird erläutert. Es wird definiert, was es bedeutet, ein Wort zu kennen. Die Darbietungsphase wird in die Gesamtheit aller Prozesse der Wortschatzaneignung eingeordnet. Sie ist Teil der fremdgesteuerten Wortschatzvermittlung, die sich mit dem ungesteuerten Wortschatzerwerb und dem selbstgesteuerten Vokabellernen in- und außerhalb des Englischunterrichts gleichberechtigt ergänzt. Um die Darbietungsphase optimal zu gestalten, müssen wesentliche Grundlagen aus den Neurowissenschaften, speziell der Hirnforschung, der Gedächtnispsychologie und der Neurolinguistik analysiert werden. insbesondere spielen Theorien zu Gehirn und Gedächtnis in Bezug auf das Sprachenlernen sowie zum mentalen Lexikon eine Rolle. Von den neurowissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ausgehend, werden schließlich förderliche Bedingungen für die Aneignung von Wortschatz zusammengefasst. Zur didaktischen Einordnung der Darbietungsphase konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf das Modell der Systematischen Wortschatzvermittlung nach Doyé/Neveling (1971/2010), das die Darbietungsphase, die Übungsphase, die Integrationsphase und die Überprüfungsphase umfasst. Die Grundzüge der Darbietungsphase mit ihrem Kern der Semantisierungstechniken und der methodischen Reihenfolge von Hören, Sprechen, Lesen, Verwenden und Schreiben werden erläutert, die Planung der Darbietungsphase an einem Beispiel skizziert. Schließlich wird das Thema der Reflexion in der Lehrkräftebildung aufgegriffen, die genutzt wird, um Überzeugungen zur Entwicklung von lexikalischer Kompetenz transparent zu machen, Wissen zu generieren, in praktischen Phasen umzusetzen und zu verifizieren, um schließlich wissenschaftlich fundierte lernförderliche Überzeugungen auszubilden. In einer qualitativen Studie wurden die Überzeugungen bezüglich der Vermittlung von neuem Wortschatz im Englischunterricht bei Studierenden und Lehrkräften zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten mittels schriftlicher Befragungen erhoben. Insgesamt wurden 139 Personen über einen Zeitraum von zweieinhalb Jahren in 5 verschiedenen Datenerhebungen befragt. Die Befragungen wurden statistisch bzw. mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse (Kuckartz, 2016) ausgewertet. Es wurden zwei Variablen zur Untersuchung ausgewählt: die Bedeutung des Themas und der Planungsaufwand. Während Studierende den Wortschatz vornehmlich als einen von vielen wichtigen Bereichen des Englischunterrichts identifizieren und ihn vor allem im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung von Kommunikations- und Diskursfähigkeit sehen, so sehen Studierende im Verlauf der Lehrkräftebildung stärker dessen Beitrag zur Entwicklung weiterer Sprachkompetenzen und zur Förderung von Lernstrategien und autonomem Lernen. Die Zeit für den Planungsaufwand wird zu Beginn geringer eingeschätzt, da vielfach noch von einer weitgehend selbstgesteuerten bzw. ungesteuerten Wortschatzaneignung ausgegangen wird. Diese Ansicht tritt im Laufe der Lehrkräftebildung in den Hintergrund und wird durch den Blick auf den Zeitaufwand für die Planung der Darbietungsphase ersetzt. Die Wissenschaftlichkeit der Begründungen erhöht sich mit Fortschreiten der Lehrkräftebildung. Zu Beginn stehen noch eher individuelle Überzeugungen im Vordergrund, am Ende des universitären Studiums können Studierende wie auch Lehrkräfte im Schuldienst ihre Überzeugungen zur Wortschatzvermittlung weitgehend wissenschaftlich begründen. Bezüglich der Gestaltung der Darbietungsphase konnte herausgefunden werden, dass in allen Phasen der Lehrkräftebildung die gleichen Semantisierungstechniken bevorzugt werden. Dies sind Kontext, Umschreibungen, Bilder und Fotos sowie die Übersetzung. Lehrkräfte im Schuldienst verwenden zusätzlich gern Mimik und Gestik. Die Begründungen zum Einsatz dieser Techniken werden mit Fortschreiten der Lehrkräftebildung inhaltlich differenzierter, von eigenen Erfahrungen und ungeprüften Behauptungen hin zu wissenschaftlichen Begründungen. Bei der methodischen Umsetzung der Darbietungsphase konnten das Nachsprechen der neuen lexikalischen Einheiten und das Aufschreiben der Lexik als Probleme identifiziert werden. Auch das Verständnis einiger Semantisierungstechniken ist innerhalb der universitären Phase nicht immer klar gesichert. Die im Kontext der ersten und dritten Phase der Lehrkräftebildung erhobenen Daten zeigen, dass die Überzeugungen von Studierenden und Lehrkräften zur Wortschatzvermittlung sehr großen Einfluss darauf haben, wie sie im Unterricht Wortschatz vermitteln. Daher müssen sie im Verlauf der Lehrkräftebildung in den Blick genommen werden, sie müssen Ausgangspunkt für fachdidaktische Lehrveranstaltungen sein, mit dem Ziel, das Repertoire an unterrichtlichen Handlungen und Begründungen so zu reflektieren, zu erweitern oder eventuell zu ersetzen, dass dessen Kongruenz mit wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen erhöht wird. Die Arbeit nimmt Bezug auf Vygotskys Konzept der ‚zone of proximal development‘ (1978), das den stufenweisen Erwerb von Professionswissen durch Unterstützung kompetenter Partner beschreibt. Mit Hilfe der Forschungsergebnisse ist es nun möglich, vier konkrete Wissens- und Könnensstufen zur Vermittlungskompetenz von Wortschatz von Studierenden zu identifizieren und darauf aufbauend die ‚zone of proximal development‘ festzulegen. Ausgehend von diesen Stufen werden Empfehlungen zur kompetenzorientierten Gestaltung der Wortschatzvermittlung gegeben, die die drei Phasen der Lehrkräftebildung in den Blick nehmen. Sie weisen Ziele im Hinblick auf die Vermittlungskompetenz im Bereich Wortschatz aus und schlagen hilfreiche Methoden zu deren Umsetzung sowie mögliche Unterstützungssysteme vor.:ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS VORWORT EINLEITUNG 1 ERKENNTNISINTERESSE 2 AUFBAU DER ARBEIT THEORETISCHER BEZUGSRAHMEN 3 INDIVIDUELLE ÜBERZEUGUNGEN UND IHRE BEDEUTUNG FÜR LEHRENDE 3.1 AUSGANGSPUNKT: ÜBERZEUGUNGEN IM KONTEXT DES UNTERRICHTS 3.2 KOMPETENZENTWICKLUNG VON LEHRKRÄFTEN 3.3 ÜBERZEUGUNGEN UND WISSEN: BEGRIFFSKLÄRUNG 3.4 MERKMALE VON ÜBERZEUGUNGEN 3.5 DAS MERKMAL DER STABILITÄT VON ÜBERZEUGUNGEN 3.6 DIE VERÄNDERBARKEIT VON ÜBERZEUGUNGEN 3.7 ÜBERZEUGUNGEN UND IHRE AUSWIRKUNGEN AUF DEN UNTERRICHT 3.8 SYSTEMATISIERUNG VON ÜBERZEUGUNGEN VON LEHRKRÄFTEN 3.9 FACHDIDAKTISCHE ÜBERZEUGUNGEN VON LEHRKRÄFTEN 3.10 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 3.11 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 4 LEXIKALISCHE KOMPETENZ 4.1 DER BEGRIFF DER LEXIKALISCHEN KOMPETENZ 4.2 EIN WORT KENNEN: DIE DIMENSIONEN DER WORTBEHERRSCHUNG 4.3 WORTSCHATZANEIGNUNG 4.4 WORTSCHATZ (LEXIK/VOKABULAR) UND LEXIKALISCHE EINHEIT (WORT/LEXEM/WORTGRUPPE/ CHUNK) 4.5 DER UMFANG DES ZU LERNENDEN WORTSCHATZES 4.6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 4.7 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 5 DIE SPEICHERUNG VON WÖRTERN: GEHIRN UND GEDÄCHTNIS 5.1 DAS GEHIRN 5.2 DER CORTEX UND SEINE BEDEUTUNG FÜR DEN SPRACHERWERB 5.3 DAS LIMBISCHE SYSTEM IM ZUSAMMENHANG MIT DEM ERLERNEN VON FREMDSPRACHEN 5.4 DAS GEDÄCHTNIS 5.5 WEITERE NEUROBIOLOGISCHE ERKENNTNISSE ZUM SPRACH- UND WORTSCHATZERWERB 5.6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 5.7 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 6 DAS MENTALE LEXIKON 6.1 DER BEGRIFF DES MENTALEN LEXIKONS 6.2 DIE BAUSTEINE DES MENTALEN LEXIKONS: WÖRTER, LEMMAS, LEXEME, PHONEME 6.3 DIE STRUKTUR UND FUNKTIONSWEISE DES MENTALEN LEXIKONS 6.4 MERKMALS- ODER KATEGORISIERUNGSMODELLE 6.5 NETZWERKMODELLE UND INTERAKTIVE AKTIVIERUNGSMODELLE 6.6 DAS BILINGUALE LEXIKON 6.7 DAS MULTILINGUALE LEXIKON 6.8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.9 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 7 WORTSCHATZANEIGNUNG: UNGESTEUERT, FREMDGESTEUERT, SELBST-/ LERNERGESTEUERT 7.1 WORTSCHATZERWERB (UNGESTEUERT) 7.2 VOKABELLERNEN (SELBST-/LERNERGESTEUERT) 7.3 WORTSCHATZARBEIT (FREMDGESTEUERT) 7.4 DIE AUSWAHL DES VOKABULARS 7.5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7.6 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 8 FÖRDERLICHE BEDINGUNGEN FÜR DIE ANEIGNUNG VON WORTSCHATZ 8.1 LERNBEDINGUNGEN 8.2 LEHR-/LERNMATERIAL 8.3 LERNTECHNIKEN 8.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 8.5 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 9 PHASENMODELLE DER WORTSCHATZVERMITTLUNG 9.1 DAS MODELL DER SYSTEMATISCHEN WORTSCHATZVERMITTLUNG NACH DOYÉ/NEVELING (1971, 2010) 9.2 WEITERE PHASENMODELLE 9.3 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 9.4 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 10 DIE DARBIETUNGSPHASE 10.1 DIE INTEGRATION DER WORTSCHATZVERMITTLUNG IN DIE UNTERRICHTSPLANUNG 10.2 DIE GRUNDZÜGE DER DARBIETUNGSPHASE NACH DOYÉ (1971) 10.3 SEMANTISIERUNGSTECHNIKEN 10.4 DIE VERMITTLUNG WEITERER DIMENSIONEN DER WORTBEHERRSCHUNG 10.5 EINE SCHRITTFOLGE ZUR PLANUNG DER DARBIETUNGSPHASE 10.6 DIE SCHRITTFOLGE ZUR PLANUNG DER DARBIETUNGSPHASE AN EINEM BEISPIEL 10.7 PRINZIPIEN DER WORTSCHATZVERMITTLUNG IN DER DARBIETUNGSPHASE 10.8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 10.9 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 11 LEXIKALISCHE KOMPETENZ ALS FACHDIDAKTISCHES THEMA FÜR ANGEHENDE ENGLISCHLEHRKRÄFTE 11.1 REFLEXION ALS BESTANDTEIL DER LEHRKRÄFTEBILDUNG 11.2 LEXIKALISCHE KOMPETENZ INNERHALB DER DREI PHASEN DER LEHRKRÄFTEBILDUNG IN DEUTSCHLAND 11.3 LEXIKALISCHE KOMPETENZ IN AUSGEWÄHLTEN, HÄUFIG VERWENDETEN FACHDIDAKTISCHEN LEHRWERKEN 11.4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 11.5 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN FÜR DIE EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG 12 FRAGESTELLUNG 13 FORSCHUNGSDESIGN 13.1 DIE ZEITLICHE ABFOLGE DER DATENERHEBUNGEN 13.2 DIE METHODEN DER DATENERHEBUNG 13.3 DIE KONSTRUKTION DER FRAGEBÖGEN 13.4 DIE DURCHFÜHRUNG DER DATENERHEBUNGEN 13.5 DIE METHODEN DER DATENANALYSE 14 ERGEBNISSE 14.1 ERSTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBOGEN ZUR BESCHREIBUNG DER AUSGANGSLAGE 14.2 ZWEITE DATENERHEBUNG: SCHRIFTLICHE AUFGABE IM EINFÜHRUNGSKURS 14.3 DRITTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBÖGEN ZUR SELBST- UND FREMDREFLEXION IN DEN SCHULPRAKTISCHEN ÜBUNGEN (SPÜ) 14.4 VIERTE DATENERHEBUNG: SCHRIFTLICHE BEFRAGUNG NACH DEM BLOCKPRAKTIKUM B 14.5 DIE PROFESSIONELLE ENTWICKLUNG ZUR VERMITTLUNG VON NEUEM WORTSCHATZ AM BEISPIEL EINER STUDIERENDEN 14.6 FÜNFTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBOGEN IN DER LEHRKRÄFTEFORTBILDUNG 14.7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER FORSCHUNGSERGEBNISSE HINSICHTLICH DER FORSCHUNGSFRAGEN 15 DISKUSSION DER ERGEBNISSE 15.1 FACHDIDAKTISCHE PERSPEKTIVEN – EMPFEHLUNGEN ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER KOMPETENZORIENTIERTEN GESTALTUNG DER WORTSCHATZVERMITTLUNG INNERHALB DER LEHRKRÄFTEBILDUNG 15.2 FORSCHUNGSBEZOGENE PERSPEKTIVEN – ÜBERTRAGBARKEIT AUF ANDERE KONTEXTE 15.3 METHODENKRITIK RÜCKBLICK UND AUSBLICK LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ANHANG A ERSTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBOGEN ZUR BESCHREIBUNG DER AUSGANGSLAGE B ZWEITE DATENERHEBUNG: SCHRIFTLICHE AUFGABE IM EINFÜHRUNGSKURS C DRITTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBOGEN (SELBSTREFLEXION) IN DEN SCHULPRAKTISCHEN ÜBUNGEN (SPÜ) D DRITTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBOGEN (FREMDREFLEXION) IN DEN SCHULPRAKTISCHEN ÜBUNGEN (SPÜ) E VIERTE DATENERHEBUNG: SCHRIFTLICHE BEFRAGUNG NACH DEM BLOCKPRAKTIKUM B F FÜNFTE DATENERHEBUNG: FRAGEBOGEN IN DER LEHRKRÄFTEFORTBILDUNG G KATEGORIENSYSTEM ZUR ERSTEN DATENERHEBUNG: GUTER ENGLISCHUNTERRICHT H KATEGORIENSYSTEM ZUR FÜNFTEN DATENERHEBUNG: GUTER ENGLISCHUNTERRICHT