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THE 2x2 MODEL : Internationalization Motivations of Emerging Market Multinationals Projected from the Angle of Technological Industry / Internationalization Motivations of Emerging Market Multinationals Projected from the Angle of Technological Industry : THE 2x2 MODELShi, Yue, Mati, Baton January 2011 (has links)
Multinational corporations (MNCs) raised from emerging markets (EM) have drawn enormous attention to the world in recent decades. These internationalization activities have not only signaled characterized features of globalization, but also foreseen the future of strengthened “latecomer” global position emerged from developing countries. However, current studies have shown sufficient lack on research towards motivation behind EM MNCs’ internationalization. Many current theories and models were followed by patterns applied within those more developed countries. Nevertheless, EM MNCs appeared to hold different motivations approaching to internationalization. Thus, this paper documents a series of reasons that triggered EM MNCs to internationalize. In particular, studies carried out from this paper have concluded into a 2x2 Model, which characterized that the EM MNCs’ internationalization motives are incorporated from two perspectives (institutional based and resource based) into two approaches (asset seeking and opportunity seeking). Four case studies of multinationals in technological industry from two emerging markets are included in this paper, in order to attest validity of the 2x2 Model; these multinationals are Lenovo (China), Haier (China), Arçelik (Turkey), and Vestel (Turkey). We believe that technological industry is one of the most significant industries from emerging markets that is intensively involved in international activities; the selected firms have shown devoted global strategies and created certain size of impact in the global market, which is genuinely representative towards our studies.
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Art.internet : musées, entreprises et œuvres en ligne dans le passage vers le nouveau millénaire (1996-2002)Léonard Brouillet, Karine 12 1900 (has links)
Cette thèse a été menée à bien grâce au soutien financier du Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Société et Culture (FRQSC), de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales de l’Université de Montréal (FESP) et du Département d’histoire de l’art de l’Université de Montréal. / À la fin des années 1990 et au début des années 2000, les musées cherchent à renouveler leur image de marque afin d’attirer des publics plus diversifiés. Dans la foulée d’un utopisme généralisé qui caractérise Internet comme une force démocratisante pour les sociétés occidentales, les musées voient une occasion de fidéliser de nouvelles clientèles sur la base d’une participation supposée dialogique et émancipatrice. Les institutions muséales font alors l’acquisition d’œuvres d’art internet et certaines, pionnières, en font même la commande. Pour quelles raisons ? Les cas analysés dans cette recherche permettent d’élucider cette question par l’analyse culturelle des œuvres inaugurales de cette pratique artistique et muséale : Ding an sich (The Canon Series) de Piotr Szyhalski, commandée par le Walker Art Center ; Uncomfortable Proximity de Graham Harwood acquise par la Tate ; IdeaLine de Martin Wattenberg présentée par le Whitney Museum of American Art. Nous constatons que, arrimées à des infrastructures en ligne développées en étroite collaboration avec et par l’industrie technologique, ces œuvres se situent à la rencontre d’intérêts convergents des mondes institutionnel et entrepreneurial. L’industrie technologique trouve dans l’espace muséal internet une opportunité de déployer son offre de service à des clientèles favorables – les œuvres sont un attrait ; l’institution discerne dans l’entreprise un partenaire d’affaires expert à même de raffiner son image en ligne auprès de spectateurs à conquérir – les œuvres sont un atout. Les productions qui en découlent s’immiscent dans des espaces hybrides : entre espace expositionnel et page informationnelle ; entre fonction artistique et discours démocratisant autour de l’œuvre ; entre objet de collection et distinction philanthropique. Au carrefour des relations entre institution et industrie, ces œuvres portent un regard acéré sur leurs conditions d’émergence et mettent au jour les dynamiques muséo-entrepreneuriales qui sous-tendent leur arrivée. Face à des ensembles discursifs connotés, elles sont à même de conceptualiser l’industrie technologique non pas comme une autorité commerciale hégémonique, mais comme un appareillage théorique riche de stratégies thématiques et de modes opératoires à même d’être démantelés, détournés, renversés, critiqués. / At the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, museums sought to revitalise their image with the aim to attract increasingly diversified audiences. The general view of the Internet as a democratic force in western societies lead institutions to consider it as an opportunity to acquire new audiences through participation which was thought to foster emancipation and dialogue. Enthused, museums thus acquire internet artworks and some even commission them in order to inaugurate newly developed media arts programs. For what reasons? Our case studies provide an answer to this question, along with a cultural analysis of artworks, annual reports, press releases and other pertinent documents: Ding an sich (The Canon Series) by Piotr Szyhalski acquired by the Walker Art Center; Uncomfortable Proximity by Graham Harwood commissioned by the Tate; IdeaLine by Martin Wattenberg presented by the Whitney Museum of American Art.
We found that these artworks are at the intersection of converging interests on the part of the institutional and business worlds as they are presented in online infrastructure developed in close collaboration with the technological industry. To this industry artworks are enticing as they offer an opportunity to expose a favourable clientele to its products; to the institution artworks are an asset to attract expert business partners able to enhance the online museum brand in the eyes of audiences. As such, artworks are located in hybrid spaces: between exhibition and information spaces, between artistic purpose and democratising discourse, between collection and philanthropy. At these crossroads, artworks take a sharp look at the conditions and dynamics that underlie their arrival. In the face of connoted discourses, they conceptualise the technological industry not as hegemonic commercial authority but as theoretical apparatus, rich with thematic strategies and operating modes ripe for dismantling, diverting, reversing, and criticising.
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