The online shopping industry has been growing over the past decade (Statista, 2014). Former researchers identified consumers’ utilitarian and hedonic online shopping motivations. A qualitative research was conducted to understand the utilitarian and hedonic online shopping motivations of students to shop fashion online. A phenomenological interviewing method was used to generate detailed and in-depth descriptions of the seven students’ experiences of the University of Borås. Respectively three utilitarian and four hedonic online shopping motivations emerged out of the data and could be linked the motivations identified by Vignali and Reid (2014). This paper analyses the utilitarian online shopping motivations respectively convenience, price and discounts and selections and hedonic online shopping motivations respectively enjoyment, sociability, trend discovery and exclusivity. Regarding the utilitarian online shopping motivation convenience several convenience dimensions emerged out of the collected data and matched the dimensions identified by Jiang, Yang and Jun (2013) respectively, respectively access, search, evaluation, transaction, possession and post-purchase convenience. Regarding the hedonic online shopping motivation enjoyment, several dimensions emerged out of the data and could be linked to dimensions identified by Monsuwé et al. (2004) respectively escapism, pleasure and arousal. Some of the linkages that could be found by comparing former research were also found in the data collected. Regarding the utilitarian online shopping motivations, information availability identified by Vignali and Reid (2014) could be linked to evaluation convenience and product availability identified by Vignali and Reid (2014) could be linked to access convenience. Regarding the hedonic online shopping motivations, relaxation shopping identified by (Ozen and Engizek, 2014) could be linked to escapism, social shopping (Ozen and Engizek, 2014) to sociability and idea shopping (Ozen and Engizek, 2014) to trend discovery. The analyses on the linkages further deepened the understanding of both utilitarian and hedonic motivations of students to shop fashion online.

The purpose of this research was to conduct an exploratory study into the similarity of motivations of conformers and anti-conformers, particularly in relation to the personality traits, need for affiliation, dependency needs, and anxiety.

No description available.

The concept of virtue is a vital one for many current debates within philosophy. In particular, both virtue ethics and virtue epistemology have come to be viewed as legitimate contenders within their respective domains. The task of virtue theory – of giving an account of the virtues – is therefore an especially pressing one. If we do not have a satisfactory account of the virtues, then we will be unable to evaluate those virtue-centric approaches that have come to be accepted as legitimate contenders within both ethics and epistemology. This thesis focuses on the moral virtues and addresses two related issues. The first issue to be addressed concerns the nature of the moral virtues (or what the virtues are). I discuss three different positions on this issue: the skills model (on which a virtue is a type of skill); the composite model (on which a virtue is a combination of skill plus a characteristic motivation); and the motivations model (on which a virtue is a particular type of motivation). A chapter is devoted to each of these three models, explaining the reasons in favour of endorsing each account before then considering objections. I provide support for the motivations model by first arguing against both the skills and composite models (in Chapters One and Two). I then defend the motivations model against serious objections (in Chapters Three and Four). My aim is to demonstrate that the motivations model is a legitimate contender in this debate, and a live option for those working in virtue theory. The second issue to be addressed concerns the identity of the moral virtues (or which traits ought to be included on a list of moral virtues). I evaluate (in Chapter Five) three different approaches to identifying the moral virtues, before suggesting that we ought to consider a view whereby kindness and justice are taken to be fundamentally virtuous traits. I then (in Chapter Six) explain and defend this suggestion, by proposing a cardinal understanding of the moral virtues. I argue that this understanding is able to provide plausible accounts of specific virtuous traits, in addition to providing solutions to problems currently facing all virtue theorists. There is good reason to accept a cardinal understanding of virtue that identifies kindness and justice as the fundamental moral virtues.

Selfministered mail questionnaires were sent to a stratified sample of 1,000 male and 1,000 female Mississippi resident licensed hunters to determine effect of gender on hunting motivations and substitutability of hunting. Exploratory factor analysis and analysis of covariance were used to analyze hunting motivations. Logistic regression was used to determine effects of 14 independent variables on probability of resident hunters reporting a substitute activity. Males and females differed on achievement-oriented “social recognition” and “seeking stimulation” motivations and on affiliative-oriented “family togetherness” motivations. Gender had no significant effect on resident hunter probability of reporting substitute activities. Age and importance of hunting as an outdoor activity had significant effects on probability of reporting substitute activities, with each being related positively to the response variable. Fishing was the most frequently reported substitute activity for males and females. However, females reported more substitute activities than males.

This project is a case study on the vertical and horizontal occupational structures of physical therapy and how gender attitudes on opportunities can influence one’s workplace satisfaction. The theoretical perspective is based upon a gendered organizational theory and organizational justice operating in a latent manner through gendered opportunities on workplace satisfaction. Horizontal segregation (location and specialty) has been linked to gender essentialism, while vertical hierarchy (work continuity, earnings, and supervisory duties) has also been linked to male primacy. Workers’ perceived attitudes about opportunities for women (promotions and jobs) can potentially influence the outcome of job satisfaction. The 2004 Physical Therapy Labor Force Survey was examined for potential bias using a sample of physical therapists (PTs) from the 2000 US Census PUMS 5 percent sample. Using the 2004 survey data for salaried PTs, two dependent variables were generated via factor analysis (intrinsic rewards and well-being) from a 10-item workplace attitudes scale. Regression analyses on these models by gender revealed specific associations among the explanatory variables and the workplace attitude factors. Women who selected the response “promotion opportunities worse for women” on average had lower intrinsic reward and well-being factor scores (compared to those selecting no difference). Yet, men who chose “job opportunities better for women” on average had lower well-being scores (compared to men reporting no difference); this was not shown to be the case for intrinsic rewards for men. In general, the results of this research suggest that female respondents with the perception that women have less chance for promotion than men tended to lower their job satisfaction. However, male respondents who perceived that women have a greater chance of jobs than men tended to have reduced job satisfaction scores. The results for women were in both domains of satisfaction (intrinsic rewards and well-being), whereas those for men were only for well-being. Job satisfaction is affected by the social structure (vertical and horizontal), gender, and attitudes about opportunities in physical therapy associations among the explanatory variables and the workplace attitude factors.

La santé du dirigeant de PME, en tant que premier actif immatériel de l’entrepreneur, fait l’objet depuis une dizaine d’années d’un courant de recherche qui tend à démontrer que l’entrepreneuriat est vecteur de bonne santé bien que cette santé soit soumise à une plus forte amplitude d’émotions que celle des salariés. Ce travail doctoral s’inscrit dans ce courant de recherche en opérant une focalisation sur les entrepreneurs en situation du handicap. Cette thèse pluridisciplinaire adopte une posture épistémologique de type interprétative de nature inductive. Vingt entrepreneurs en situation de handicap qui ont opéré une transition entrepreneuriale (passage du salariat à l’entrepreneuriat) ont été interrogés. Afin d’avoir une compréhension globale de cette population, le type de handicap, la date de la survenance du handicap et le secteur d’activité n’ont pas été retenus comme critères de sélection pour appréhender une grande variété d’entrepreneurs en situation de handicap. Deux aspects ont été ainsi étudiés dans ce travail doctoral : les entrepreneurs en situation de handicap et la transition entrepreneuriale des personnes handicapées. Au niveau conceptuel, ce travail de recherche doctoral a appliqué les théories des motivations entrepreneuriales et de la salutogénèse entrepreneuriale. Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en avant deux constats : le caractère central du handicap dans la vie de l’entrepreneur et la difficile alliance entre l’entrepreneuriat et le handicap. / The health of the SMEs owner, as the first intangible asset of the entrepreneur, has been the subject of a trend of research for ten years, which tends to show that entrepreneurship is a vector of good health, although this health is subject to a greater range of emotions than that of employees. This doctoral work is part of this research by focusing on entrepreneurs with disabilities. This multidisciplinary thesis adopts an epistemological posture of interpretative type of inductive nature. Twenty entrepreneurs with disabilities who made an entrepreneurial transition (transition from wage-earning to entrepreneurship) were interviewed. In order to have a global understanding of this population, the type of disability, the date of the onset of the disability and the sector of activity were not selected as selection criteria to apprehend a wide variety of entrepreneurs in disability. Two aspects were studied in this doctoral work: entrepreneurs with disabilities and the entrepreneurial transition of people with disabilities.At the conceptual level, this doctoral research work has applied theories of entrepreneurial motivations and entrepreneurial salutogenesis. The results of this thesis highlight two findings: the centrality of disability in the life of the entrepreneur and the difficult alliance between entrepreneurship and disability.

No description available.

The handset is in the modern life individual important along with tool, Analogies is fifth media after by newspaper, broadcast, television, and network, also becomes the individual¡¦s continues screen outside the television and computer. According to the market research of investigation forecast, to 2010 year's end, the whole world will have 1.2 hundred million above handsets users receive mobile TV service which clearly approve the great future development of " the mobile TV ". However, the population of mobile TV users in Taiwan have not increased as the calculation because of the costly charge . Thus it is important for the mobile TV industry to seriously consider the issue. This paper focus on the mobile TV users . Base on the theory of¡§Uses and Gratification¡¨ , I want to understand what are the motives of the audience of mobile TV and how the motives of mobile TV audience affect their watching behavior .The mobile TV service does not like the traditional television application, so I consider that situation factors may affect the relation of motives and watching behavior. This research adopts questionnaire survey method to collect sample information and the research targets are users of mobile TV . The study finds that the main motives of mobile TV viewers are ¡uinformation searching ¡vand¡uentertainment or pastime¡v.The result of viewing motivations have significant differences between their viewing behaviors, and parts of situation factors have significant differences between the motivations and viewing behaviors¡C

Internationally, more and more people are learning Chinese as a second or foreign language. Many studies (Gardner, 1958; Spolsky, 1969; Dörnyei, 1994; Oxford & Shearin, 1996; Williams & Burden, 1997) have shown that learning motivation plays an important role in language learning, while language belief (Horwitz, 1988) determines the strategies and efforts learners are going to put into language learning. Both motivation and belief are key factors in successful language learning. This research carried out an investigation of the phenomenon of Chinese language learning in the Canadian context. Through in-depth, open-ended individual interviews with six students who were learning Chinese in a Canadian university, the researcher intended to listen to their actual experiences of Chinese language learning in order to examine their motivations for learning this language and to describe their beliefs about this language. The results showed Chinese language learners had a variety of motivations to learn the Chinese language, from cultural interest, communication with native Chinese speakers, travel, friendship, to job opportunities. These motivations came from their real life experiences with the Chinese people around them. As for the Chinese language, not all students thought it was difficult. All participants in this study believed listening and speaking was more important than reading and writing. They adopted many learning strategies to learn Chinese. The implications for Chinese language instructors as to how to motivate students and for the Chinese language students motivating themselves were also discussed.