In this paper we explore the process of adoption and enforcement of a number of new information processing technologies, such as the typewriter, calculators, tabulation gears and book-keeping machines, starting from the 1880s in the United States. We show that their innovation and diffusion was inexorably coupled to the economic development in the USA in the late 19th century. It is a complex and contradictory consequence of underlying socio-economic processes that led to the formation of modern organisational structures in large scale manufacturing which required systematic and efficient information processing. The typewriter and all the complementary office automation devices that entered the scene shortly after were part of a socio-technical regime that started being established: the office work regime or as we prefer to call it the first IT regime, as for the first time a technology was set up to process information on large scale. The logic of large scale manufacturing to produce standardised products in large series and to apply labour saving techniques was cast into the organisation of administration. This required a convergence of technical practices. The lock-in to the inferior QWERTY-keyboard is hence the outcome of the diffusion and hardening of the First IT Regime. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

Technological search is often depicted to be random. This paper takes a different view and analyses how innovative recombinant search is triggered, how it is done and what initial conditions influence the final design of technological artefacts. We argue that complementarities (non-separabilities) play an important role as focusing devices guiding the search for new combinations. Our analysis takes the perspective of technology adopters and not that of inventors or innovators of new products. We illustrate the process of decomposition and re-composition under the presence of binding complementarity constraints with a historical case study on the establishment of the First IT Regime at the turn of the 19th century. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

This paper presents a theoretical framework along "Classical" lines in which Schumpeter's concept of "Creative Response" is linked to a theory of induced innovation and the concept of technological regimes. We devote particular attention to the role of indivisibilities between factors of production. On the basis of this framework, we study the adoption of early information technologies, such as typewriters, calculators or Hollerith machines in US manufacturing in the period between 1870 and 1930. We show how the presence of a distinct bias in technical change in US manufacturing led to the opening of a window of opportunity for early information technologies, and how the presence of this bias influenced the technological search and adoption process of firms and how this found its final reflection in the rules and heuristics of the new regime. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.