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Thesis (doctoral)--Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 2005. / "Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.)." "This thesis presents a new method to derive a generalized transmission-line theory, the Transmssion Line Supertheory (TLST)"--p. 13. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-138).

D.Ing. / The technique of using a live power cable to simultaneously transport a communication signal, has been practiced since the early 1900’s. In most cases, power-line communications has been implemented as a retrofit technology, with its main benefit being the utilization of a ‘free’ existing network. This driving force of power-line communications is typical for high-, medium-, and low-voltage distribution networks, as well as intra-building networks currently targeted for home automation and home networking. Researchers have thus focused on the optimum use of these existing power-line channels, often accepting the inherent drawbacks of this hostile communication channel. Apart from unpredictable noise sources, two main disadvantages of the low-voltage powerline network as a communication channel, are i) the unknown power cable characteristics and topology and ii) time-dependent fluctuation of the power-line impedance level as loads are unpredictable switched into, and out of the network. These two factors have obscured the requirements for proper coupling and impedance adaptation to the degree that most researchers and manufacturers have merely accepted this typical ≈ 20-dB coupling loss as one of the inherited disadvantages of the power-line channel. Most researchers and manufacturers have thus defaulted to a guessed power-line impedance level, and have used one fixed coupler winding ratio under all circumstances, regardless of power-line conditions. This study has shown that proper coupling and impedance adaptation can yield significant transmission gains even with limited (qualitative) knowledge of a power-line channel and its topology. After formulating design steps for an impedance-adapting coupler that facilitates bidirectional transmission, the impact of the fluctuating power-line impedance on coupler bandwidth was investigated. Next, impedance adaptation strategies were considered and the tradeoff between series cable requirements and parallel load requirements was explored. A model of sufficient simplicity was developed to facilitate qualitative description and classification of power outlets – functioning as communication nodes. Very interesting simulation results were obtained and these were verified using a laboratory setup of characterized power cables and calibrated loads. Next, these simulation results were employed to improve power-line transmission over a live, uncharacterized 220-V residential network by means of i) classifying typical residential rooms qualitatively in order to choose proper coupler winding ratios and ii) using an innovative dual coupler for dedicated on-off switching with harsh loads, thereby mitigating the fluctuating impact of said loads on low-voltage power-line communications.

A thesis submitted in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment June 2017 / The realization of robust, reliable and e cient data transmission have been the theme of recent research, most importantly in real channel such as the noisy, fading prone power line communication (PLC) channel. The focus is to exploit old techniques or create new techniques capable of improving the transmission reliability and also increasing the transmission capacity of the real communication channels. Multi-carrier modulation scheme such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) utilizing conventional single-carrier modulation is developed to facilitate a robust data transmission, increasing transmission capacity (e cient bandwidth usage) and further reducing design complexity in PLC systems. On the contrary, the reliability of data transmission is subjected to several inhibiting factors as a result of the varying nature of the PLC channel. These inhibiting factors include noise, perturbation and disturbances. Contrary to the Additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN) model often assumed in several communication systems, this noise model fails to capture the attributes of noise encountered on the PLC channel. This is because periodic noise or random noise pulses injected by power electronic appliances on the network is a deviation from the AWGN. The nature of the noise is categorized as non-white non-Gaussian and unstable due to its impulsive attributes, thus, it is labeled as Non-additive White Gaussian Noise (NAWGN). These noise and disturbances results into long burst errors that corrupts signals being transmitted, thus, the PLC is labeled as a horrible or burst error channel. The e cient and optimal performance of a conventional linear receiver in the white Gaussian noise environment can therefore be made to drastically degrade in this NAWGN environment. Therefore, transmission reliability in such environment can be greatly enhanced if we know and exploit the knowledge of the channel's statistical attributes, thus, the need for developing statistical channel model based on empirical data. In this thesis, attention is focused on developing a recon gurable software de ned un-coded single-carrier and multicarrier PLC transceiver as a tool for realizing an optimized channel model for the narrowband PLC (NB-PLC) channel. First, a novel recon gurable software de ned un-coded single-carrier and multi-carrier PLC transceiver is developed for real-time NB-PLC transmission. The transceivers can be adapted to implement di erent waveforms for several real-time scenarios and performance evaluation. Due to the varying noise parameters obtained from country to country as a result of the dependence of noise impairment on mains voltages, topology of power line, place and time, the developed transceivers is capable of facilitating constant measurement campaigns to capture these varying noise parameters before statistical and mathematically inclined channel models are derived. Furthermore, the single-carrier (Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Di erential BPSK (DBPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Di erential QPSK (DQPSK)) PLC transceiver system developed is used to facilitate a First-Order semi-hidden Fritchman Markov modeling (SHFMM) of the NB-PLC channel utilizing the e cient iterative Baum- Welch algorithm (BWA) for parameter estimation. The performance of each modulation scheme is evaluated in a mildly and heavily disturbed scenarios for both residential and laboratory site considered. The First-Order estimated error statistics of the realized First- Order SHFMM have been analytically validated in terms of performance metrics such as: log-likelihood ratio (LLR), error-free run distribution (EFRD), error probabilities, mean square error (MSE) and Chi-square ( 2) test. The reliability of the model results is also con rmed by an excellent match between the empirically obtained error sequence and the SHFMM regenerated error sequence as shown by the error-free run distribution plot. This thesis also reports a novel development of a low cost, low complexity Frequency-shift keying (FSK) - On-o keying (OOK) in-house hybrid PLC and VLC system. The functionality of this hybrid PLC-VLC transceiver system was ascertained at both residential and laboratory site at three di erent times of the day: morning, afternoon and evening. A First and Second-Order SHFMM of the hybrid system is realized. The error statistics of the realized First and Second-Order SHFMMs have been analytically validated in terms of LLR, EFRD, error probabilities, MSE and Chi-square ( 2). The Second-Order SHFMMs have also been analytically validated to be superior to the First-Order SHFMMs although at the expense of added computational complexity. The reliability of both First and Second-Order SHFMM results is con rmed by an excellent match between the empirical error sequences and SHFMM re-generated error sequences as shown by the EFRD plot. In addition, the multi-carrier (QPSK-OFDM, Di erential QPSK (DQPSK)-OFDM) and Di erential 8-PSK (D8PSK)-OFDM) PLC transceiver system developed is used to facilitate a First and Second-Order modeling of the NB-PLC system using the SHFMM and BWA for parameter estimation. The performance of each OFDM modulation scheme in evaluated and compared taking into consideration the mildly and heavily disturbed noise scenarios for the two measurement sites considered. The estimated error statistics of the realized SHFMMs have been analytically validated in terms of LLR, EFRD, error probabilities, MSE and Chi-square ( 2) test. The estimated Second-Order SHFMMs have been analytically validated to be outperform the First-Order SHFMMs although with added computational complexity. The reliability of the models is con rmed by an excellent match between the empirical data and SHFMM generated data as shown by the EFRD plot. The statistical models obtained using Baum-Welch to adjust the parameters of the adopted SHFMM are often locally maximized. To solve this problem, a novel Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, a Bayesian inference approach based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is developed to optimize the parameters of the adopted SHFMM. The algorithm is used to optimize the model results obtained from the single-carrier and multi-carrier PLC systems as well as that of the hybrid PLC-VLC system. Consequently, as deduced from the results, the models obtained utilizing the novel Metropolis-Hastings algorithm are more precise, near optimal model with parameter sets that are closer to the global maxima. Generally, the model results obtained in this thesis are relevant in enhancing transmission reliability on the PLC channel through the use of the models to improve the adopted modulation schemes, create adaptive modulation techniques, develop and evaluate forward error correction (FEC) codes such as a concatenation of Reed-Solomon and Permutation codes and other robust codes suitable for exploiting and mitigating noise impairments encountered on the low voltage NB-PLC channel. Furthermore, the recon gurable software de ned NB-PLC transceiver test-bed developed can be utilized for future measurement campaign as well as adapted for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) PLC applications. / MT2018

Thesis (in competition for the Angas Engineering Scholarship)--University of Adelaide, 1948. / Typewritten copy.

Orientador: Fujio Sato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:17:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_Wagnerde_M.pdf: 29762769 bytes, checksum: a8dc59d5c389eb687d639b8519c57213 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, intitulado "Simulação para a Avaliação do Desempenho do Sistema de Proteção de Distância de uma Linha de Transmissão de 500 kV", são descritos os princípios básicos das proteções dos sistemas de potência, a evolução dos equipamentos e dos procedimentos de ensaios, simulações em tempo real, análise de desempenho de um sistema de proteção de linha de transmissão e simulações no modelo computacional. Nos Capítulo 1 e 2 são destacados alguns aspectos importantes do sistema de potência, seguido de noções de proteção de linhas de transmissão, realçando os relés de distância e o esquema de teleproteção. No Capítulo 3 são descritos a evolução dos equipamentos e procedimentos para os ensaios, concomitante aos avanços tecnológicos dos relés de proteção, desde os relés eletromecânicos até os relés numéricos. No Capítulo 4 são descrito as simulações em tempo real e as análises dos resultados. Estas simulações foram executadas na LT 500 kV Tucuruí-Vila do Conde que integra o Sistema Norte-Nordeste da ELETRONORTE e EATE, utilizando o RTDS. As saídas em forma de sinais analógicos (tensões e correntes) e digitais (eventos) possibilitaram as análises de desempenhos dos relés, do sistema de teleproteção e disjuntores. E no Capítulo 5 temos a parte final da dissertação, demonstrando o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para simular as trajetórias das impedâncias de faltas de forma a confrontá-las com as características quadrilaterais de impedância do relé de distância REL 531 no plano R-X utilizado durante a simulação no RTDS, o que permitiu a análise dos ajustes das zonas de proteção / Abstract: This work, entitled "Simulation for Performance Evaluation System of Distance Protection of a Transmission Line 500 kV," describes the basic principles of protection of power systems, the evolution of equipment's and testing procedures, real-time simulations performance analysis of a system of protection of transmission line and the computer model simulations. In Chapter 1 and 2 are highlights some important aspects of the power system, followed by notions of protection of transmission lines, enhancing distance relays and pilot relaying scheme. In Chapter 3 describes the evolution of equipment and procedures for testing, concomitant technological advances of protective relays from electromechanical relays by numerical relays Described in Chapter 4 are the real-time simulations and analyzes of the results. These simulations were performed at 500 kV Tucuruí-Vila do Conde system which integrates the North and Northeast ELETRONORTE and EATE using the RTDS. The outputs in the form of analog signals (voltages and currents) and digital signals (events) enabled the analysis of performances of relays, pilot relaying scheme (teleprotection system) and circuit breakers. In the Chapter 5, we have the final part of the dissertation, demonstrating the development of a computational model to simulate the trajectories of impedances faults in order to compare them with the quadrilateral characteristics parameters of the distance protection zones REL 531 line protection plane used during R-X RTDS simulation, which allowed the analysis of the protection zone adjustments / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Thesis (M.Eng.(Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Summaries in Afrikaans and English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [92]-99).

Orientador: Jose Pissolato Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T22:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zago_Fernando_D.pdf: 3563533 bytes, checksum: 6e24082f3d66f620688c4145ed029895 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Alguns dos principais danos causados por descargas atmosféricas são de origem indireta, ou seja, originam-se dos campos eletromagnéticos provenientes deste tipo de fenômeno natural resultando em problemas de compatibilidade eletromagnética ou em desafios para os projetistas de sistemas de proteção de surtos e de blindagens contra este tipo de interferência. Este trabalho trata de um destes efeitos indiretos, tensões induzidas em linhas aéreas por descargas atmosféricas próximas, utilizando-se das mais recentes pesquisas na área de campos eletromagnéticos provenientes deste tipo de fenômeno natural. Através de uma rigorosa formulação matemática do canal da descarga atmosférica, assim como, dos campos eletromagnéticos provenientes dele, no caso de conexão direta com o solo ou com um objeto elevado (torre ou prédio aterrados), e da consideração de diferentes expressões para o cálculo do raio de atração dos objetos elevados, foi possível realizar um estudo comparativo dos efeitos da urbanização nas proximidades de uma linha aérea com relação ao aumento ou diminuição dos níveis de tensões e correntes induzidas quando da ocorrência de descargas atmosféricas próximas. Estes efeitos foram analisados através de simulações computacionais considerando variações em diversos parâmetros associados à urbanização, tais como: quantidade de objetos elevados, altura média dos objetos elevados, modelo de raio de atração e densidade de ocupação ou de urbanização. A partir da pesquisa realizada durante este trabalho e do programa computacional desenvolvido, são propostas metodologias para se avaliar as modificações nos padrões de ocorrência dos níveis de tensões induzidas de origem atmosférica em linhas aéreas localizadas em diferentes cenários de ocupação urbana ou nas proximidades de objetos elevados como, por exemplo, torres de telecomunicações. / Abstract: Some of the worst damage caused by lightning is indirect, that is, it is caused by electromagnetic fields radiated from this kind of natural phenomenon resulting in electromagnetic compatibility problems or in challenges for designers of surge protection systems and shields against these interferences. This work considers one of these indirect effects, induced voltages on overhead lines by nearby atmospheric lightning discharges, using some of the most recent research in the area of electromagnetic fields generated by these natural phenomena. Starting from a rigorous mathematical formulation for a lightning channel, as well as for the electromagnetic fields generated by them, for the case of lightning striking the soil directly or an elevated grounded object, it was possible to carry out a comparative study of the urbanization effects close to an overhead line with respect to the increase or decrease of the induced voltages and currents when nearby lightning discharges occur. These effects were analyzed using computational simulations considering variations in some parameters associated with urbanization, such as: number of elevated objects, elevated objects average height, different models for the calculation of attractive radius and occupation or urbanization density. Taking into account the research and the computational program developed in this work, methodologies to evaluate the modifications on the occurrence patterns of lightning induced voltages on overhead lines localized at different urban occupation landscapes or at the vicinity of elevated objects like telecommunication towers, were proposed. / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica