The goal of this thesis is to develop an algorithm to process infrared images and achieve automatic identification of moving subjects with fever. The identification is based on two main features: the distinction between the geometry of a human face and other objects in the field of view of the camera, and the temperature of the radiating object. Infrared thermography is a remote sensing technique used to measure temperatures based on emitted infrared radiation. Applications include fever screening in major public places such as airports and hospitals. Current accepted practice of screening requires people to stay in a line and temperature measurements are carried out for one person at a time. However in the case of mass screening of moving people the accuracy of the measurements is still under investigation. An algorithm constituting of image processing to threshold objects based on the temperature, template matching and hypothesis testing is proposed to achieve automatic identification of fever subjects. The algorithm was first tested on training data to obtain a threshold value (used to discriminate between face and non face shapes) corresponding to a false detection rate of 5%, which in turn corresponds to 85% probability of detection using Neyman-Pearson criterion. By testing the algorithm on several simulated and experimental images (which reflect relevant scenarios characterizing crowded places) it is observed that it can be beneficially implemented to introduce automation in the process of detecting moving subjects with fever.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08352.pdf: 3349850 bytes, checksum: 8bcc73d5ede4b0438ca9f74691cebab8 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07684.pdf: 5736658 bytes, checksum: a21117ccac36a9fcfa5ab522d3958e82 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Polymer extrusion is an energy intensive process whereby the simultaneous action of viscous shear and thermal conduction are used to convert solid polymer to a melt which can be formed into a shape. To optimise efficiency, a homogeneous melt is required with minimum consumption of process energy. In this work, in-process monitoring techniques have been used to characterise the thermal dynamics of the single screw extrusion process with real-time quantification of energy consumption. Thermocouple grid sensors were used to measure radial melt temperatures across the melt flow at the entrance to the extruder die. Moreover, an infrared sensor flush mounted at the end of the extruder barrel was used to measure non-invasive melt temperature profiles across the width of the screw channel in the metering section of the extruder screw. Both techniques were found to provide useful information concerning the thermal dynamics of the extrusion process; in particular this application of infrared thermometry could prove useful for industrial extrusion process monitoring applications. Extruder screw geometry and extrusion variables should ideally be tailored to suit the properties of individual polymers but in practise this is rarely achieved due the lack of understanding. Here, LDPE, LLDPE, three grades of HDPE, PS, PP and PET were extruded using three geometries of extruder screws at several set temperatures and screw rotation speeds. Extrusion data showed that polymer rheology had a significant effect on the thermal efficiency on the extrusion process. In particular, melt viscosity was found to have a significant effect on specific energy consumption and thermal homogeneity of the melt. Extruder screw geometry, set extrusion temperature and screw rotation speed were also found to have a direct effect on energy consumption and melt consistency. Single flighted extruder screws exhibited poorer temperature homogeneity and larger fluctuations than a barrier flighted screw with a spiral mixer. These results highlighted the importance of careful selection of processing conditions and extruder screw geometry on melt homogeneity and process efficiency. Extruder scale was found to have a significant influence on thermal characteristics due to changes in surface area of the screw, barrel and heaters which consequently affect the effectiveness of the melting process and extrusion process energy demand. In this thesis, the thermal and energy characteristics of two single screw extruders were compared to examine the effect of extruder scale and processing conditions on measured melt temperature and energy consumption. Extrusion thermal dynamics were shown to be highly dependent upon extruder scale whilst specific energy consumption compared more favourably, enabling prediction of a process window from lab to industrial scale within which energy efficiency can be optimised. Overall, this detailed experimental study has helped to improve understanding of the single screw extrusion process, in terms of thermal stability and energy consumption. It is hoped that the findings will allow those working in this field to make more informed decisions regarding set conditions, screw geometry and extruder scale, in order to improve the efficiency of the extrusion process.

Orientadora: Profa. Dr. Marcelo Bender Perotoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2015. / A proposta desse trabalho é demonstrar o desenvolvimento de um sistema de comunicação sem fio da temperatura de um container reefer. A leitura da temperatura em reefer é feita geralmente de maneira manual, de forma que a leitura remota e automática é um recurso que torna as operações de transporte e armazenagem de produtos que exigem temperatura controlada mais eficiente do ponto de vista logístico. Esse trabalho propõe a utilização do protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 e o ZigBee para a comunicação à distância e automática da temperatura do container reefer ao longo da Cadeia do Frio. O protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 é uma proposta de baixo custo para a comunicação em freqüência aberta, já o ZigBee está posicionado como um canal de comunicação para baixas taxas de transferência e baixas velocidades de dados. Os protocolos IEEE 802.15.4 e o ZigBee utilizam fisicamente os módulos XBee. Os XBee Série 1 (S1) permitem a comunicação ponto a ponto e os XBee Série 2 (S2) permitem a formação de malhas, sendo um módulo operando com a função coordenador, outro módulo com a função roteador e nas extremidades os dispositivos finais. Os módulos XBee S1 e S2 apresentam várias versões, a versão PRO apresenta maiores distâncias de alcance, mais potentes, atualmente, esses módulos tem alcance de 30 m a 1600 m. No estágio atual de desenvolvimento desse trabalho, podemos concluir que os módulos Série 1, atendem aos requisitos de taxas de transferência e alcance; no entanto, os Série 2 se mostram mais promissores, principalmente porque a topologia de rede em malha é mais adequada para essa aplicação (leitura simultânea de vários reefers). / This work aims the development of a wireless communication system of a reefer container temperature. Currently, temperature readings in reefers are done manually; the automatic remote reading makes transport and storage operations that require temperature-controlled products more efficient from the logistic point of view. This dissertation proposes the use of IEEE 802.15.4 and its off shoot ZigBee Protocols for the communication of the temperature measured in reefer containers. The IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol is a low-cost proposal to communicate on unlicensed frequency ranges whereas the ZigBee is positioned as a communication channel for low transfer rates and low-speed data. The IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocol are physically implemented over XBee modules. XBee Series 1 (S1) enable point-to-point communication and XBee Series 2 (S2) allow the connection on mesh networks, with a module operating as coordinator, other(s) module(s) as router(s) and the remaining configured as end devices. XBee modules S1 and S2 have multiple versions, with the so-called PRO version featuring larger link distances due its larger transmitted power. Currently, these modules have a range from 30 m up to 1600 m. At the current stage of this work we conclude that the performance of Series 1 modules enable their use when taking into consideration the throughput and range, however Serie 2 units are more promising, mainly because the mesh network topology which is more suitable for this application where several containers have their temperatures simultaneously read.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09631.pdf: 3087394 bytes, checksum: 4f875faffa40076b1b7657ca88b2ef8e (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07975.pdf: 2244655 bytes, checksum: 2e4b7faae1bc5fa7a9010151c489c1ee (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo