Abstract The thesis is aimed to analyze the flip chip in chip scale package (CSP) by finite element method incorporated with software ANSYS due to thermally cyclic loading. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of underfill and different mechanical properties of four kinds underfill-A, B, C, D and with/without metal cap are considered as parameters. The effects of above-mentioned parameters on package¡¦s displacement, strain and stress fields are studied. The results show that the maximum equivalent strain and stress take place at the interface between chip and underfill far away from the center of the whole package and on the top of the most outside solder bump in the solder joint. The larger the CTE of underfill is, the larger the maximum equivalent strain and stress are. Package with metal cap can reduce the displacement to almost half or more of that without cap, but increase the values of maximum equivalent strain and stress. No matter with metal cap or not, the underfill D is the best choice. Hence, the underfill material properties possess lower CTE and larger Young¡¦s modulus than those of solder bump.

Electricity and power generation is an essential part of our life. However, powergeneration activities also create by-products (such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides,carbon monoxide, etc), which can be dangerous when released to the atmosphere.Sensors, as part of the control system, play very vital role for the fluegas cleaning processes in power plants. This thesis concerns the development ofSilicon Carbide Field Effect Transistor (SiC-FET) gas sensors as sensors for sulfurcontaining gases (SO2 and H2S) used as part of the environmental control systemin power plants. The works includes sensor deposition and assembly, sensinglayer characterization, operation mode development, performance testing of thesensors in a gas mixing rig in the laboratory and field test in a desulfurization pilotunit, and both experimental and theoretical studies on the detection mechanismof the sensors. The sensor response to SO2 was very small and saturated quickly. SO2 is a verystable gas and therefore reaction with other species requires a large energy input.SO2 mostly reacts with the catalyst through physisorption, which results in lowresponse level. Another problem was that once it finally reacted with oxygen andadsorbed on the surface of the catalyst in form of a sulfate compound, it is desorbedwith difficulty. Therefore, the sensor signal saturated after a certain timeof exposure to SO2. Different gate materials were tested in static operation (Pt,Ir, Au), but the saturation phenomena occurred in all three cases. Dynamic sensoroperation using temperature cycling and multivariate data analysis could mitigatethis problem. Pt-gate sensors were operated at several different temperatures in acyclic fashion. One of the applied temperatures was chosen to be very high for ashort time to serve as cleaning step. This method was also termed the virtual multisensor method because the data generated could represent the data from multiplesensors in static operation at different temperatures. Then, several features of thesignal, such as mean value and slope, were extracted and processed with multivariatedata analysis. Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA) was chosen since itiiiallows controlled data analysis. It was shown that it was possible to quantify SO2with a 2-step LDA. The background was identified in the first step and SO2 wasquantified in the second step. Pt sensors in dynamic operation and 2-step LDAevaluation has also demonstrated promising results for SO2 measurement in thelaboratory as well as in a desulfurization pilot unit. For a commercial sensor, algorithmhave to be developed to enable on-line measurement in real time. It was observed that Ir-gate sensors at 350oC were very sensitive to H2S. The responseobtained by Ir sensors to H2S was almost five times larger than that of Ptsensors, which might be due to the higher oxygen coverage of Ir. Moreover, Irsensors were also more stable with less drift during the operation as a result ofhigher thermal stability. However, the recovery time for Ir sensors was very long,due to the high desorption energy. Overall, the Ir sensors performed well whentested for a leak detection application (presence of oxygen and dry environment).The geothermal application, where heat is extracted from the earth, requires thesensor to be operated in humid condition in the absence (or very low concentration)of oxygen, and this poses a problem. Temperature cycle operation and smartdata evaluation might also be an option for future development. Along with the sensor performance testing, a study on the detection mechanismwas also performed for SO2 sensor, both experimentally and theoretically. The experimentincluded the study of the species formed on the surface of the catalystwith DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared frourier transform) spectroscopy and theanalysis of the residual gas with mass spectroscopy. Explanatory investigation ofthe surface reactions was performed using quantum-chemical calculations. Theoreticalcalculations of the infrared (IR) vibration spectra was employed to supportthe identification of peaks in the DRIFT measurement. Based on the study on theresidual gas analysis and quantum-chemical calculations, a reaction mechanismfor the SO2 molecule adsorption on the sensor surface was suggested.

The purpose of this thesis was to study the properties of electronic current and voltage transformers, choose the method for temperature cycle accuracy test and the development of the measuring software. Measuring software was realized in LabVIEW version 8.2. The first part describe the topic of this thesis. The second part describes various kinds of sensors and describtion of functions and specifications. The third part describe programming system LabVIEW. The fourth describe design of connection supply and measurement part of circuit. The fifth part describes used instruments. The sixth part is about used methods measuring. In the seven part is the description of the functions of this program and its control. In eight part is evaluated measurement uncertainty. In the last part are shown examples of the application program.

The stress distribution in a rotating solid shaft with temperature dependent yield stress subject to a temperature cycle is investigated. It is presumed that the shaft is in a state of generalized plane strain and obeys Tresca&rsquo / s yield criterion and the flow rule associated with it. By the temperature cycle it is meant that the surface temperature of the shaft is increased to a limiting value, it is held at this temperature for a while, and then slowly decreased at the same rate to the reference temperature. The isothermal shaft is rotated up to around elastic limit rotation speed and then the temperature cycle is applied to the surface of the shaft. Even in an initially purely elastic shaft, two plastic regions with different forms of the yield condition emerge simultaneously at the centre and expand into the elastic region. However, the expansion of the plastic zone ceases soon thereafter, and an unloaded region spreads into the plastic core. It is shown that the stress distribution is altered significantly by the temperature cycle, hence also leading to non-zero residual stresses at stand-still.

This research project examined the role of environmental time cues and circadian rhythms in mediating seasonal adjustments in the body temperature and locomotoractivity patterns in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray 1827). The first component of this study investigated whether daily rhythms of behavioural thermoregulation and locomotor activity that T. rugosa displays in the field are endogenous circadian rhythms. In each season, there was significant variation in each of these rhythms in lizards released on laboratory thermal gradients under prevailing light-dark (LD) cycles. Both rhythms persisted when lizards were released in constant darkness (DD) and exhibited the same free-running period suggesting a single circadian pacemaker drives both rhythms. The first component of this study revealed that seasonal changes in the expression of daily behavioural thermoregulatory and locomotor activity rhythms are mediated by the circadian system in T. rugosa. The second component of this project comprised three experiments that determined the relative importance of 24 h LD and temperature cycles (TCs) in entraining the locomotor activity rhythm. In the first experiment, lizards were held under LD 12:12 and were subjected to either a TC of 33:15C in phase with the LD cycle or a reversed TC. Following LD 12:12, lizards were maintained under the same TCs but were subjected to DD. Activity was restricted to the thermophase in LD irrespective of the lighting regime and during the period of DD that followed, suggesting entrainment by the TC. In the second experiment, lizards were held under LD 12.5:11.5 and were subjected to one of three treatments; (1) constant 30C, (2) normal TC (30:20C), or (3) reversed TC. Following LD, all lizards were subjected to DD and constant 30C. Post-entrainment free-run records revealed that LD cycles and TCs both entrain locomotor activity rhythms of T. rugosa. Although there was large variation in the phasing of the rhythm in relation to the LD cycle in reversed TC lizards, TCs presented in phase with the LD cycle most accurately synchronised the rhythm to the photocycle. In the third experiment, lizards were held in DD at constant 30C before being subjected to a further period of DD and one of four treatments; (1) normal TC (06:00 h to 18:00 h thermophase), (2) delayed TC (12:00 h to 00:00 h thermophase), (3) advanced TC (00:00 h to 12:00 h thermophase) or (4) control (no TC, constant 30C). While control lizards continued to free-run in DD at constant temperature, locomotor rhythms of lizards subjected to TCs rapidly entrained to TCs irrespective of whether TCs were phase advanced or delayed by 6 h. The results of this experiment excluded the possibility that masking effects were responsible for locomotor responses of lizards to TCs. This study demonstrated that seasonal changes in the expression of this species‟ daily behavioural thermoregulatory and locomotor rhythms are mediated by a circadian system that is sensitive to both light and temperature. The sensitivity of the circadian system to temperature, in particular, may allow T. rugosa to restrict its activity to times of the year that are thermally favourable. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1521959 / Thesis(Ph.D.)-- University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2010

Dielectric insulation are constantly exposed to various stresses, while also being expected to last for long periods of time. Naturally, they degrade with use and in demanding operational environments, this degradation phenomena can be accelerated, leading to costly consequences. With the constant evolution within the vehicle industry, high standards are established. For ignition coils, one of the challenges lies in achieving high performance, with the trade-off being a reduced insulation space. Furthermore, the operation of ignition coils at elevated temperatures could affect the insulation and its capabilities. Thus, it is important to investigate how the dielectric strength of an insulation behaves under these increased temperature conditions and constrained operational space, both in the short and long term. In this master thesis, the primary objective was to ascertain whether the oil would maintain its dielectric strength under prolonged elevated temperatures. The transformer liquid MIDEL 7131 was examined and assessed, through breakdown voltage tests from room temperature and up to temperatures of 140◦C. Subsequently analysing the results using descriptive statistics, employing both Gaussian and Weibull distributions. The observations from these measurements provide more data to the field of liquid dielectrics and allow a better understanding of how the condition and operating environment could affect the dielectric capabilities of transformer oils, with a specific focus on MIDEL 7131. / Dielektrisk insulation utsätts ständigt för diverse påkänningar, samtidigt som dem förväntas vara i drift under en lång tid. Naturligtvis degraderas isolationen efter användning och under krävande arbetsmiljöer, kan denna degradering fenomen acceleras, vilket kan leda till dyra konsekvenser. Med den ständiga utvecklingen inom fordonindustrin, etableras höga standarder. För tändstift, är en av svårigheterna att uppnå hög prestanda, i utbyte mot reducerad insulation utrymme. Dessutom är det möjligt att tändstift i drift under höga temperaturer kan påverka insulationen samt sina förmågor. Det är därför viktigt att undersöka hur dielektrisk styrka hos insulation beter sig vid höga temperaturer och minskat utrymme, både i korta perioder samt i långa. I detta master arbete, var det primära målet att fastställa om oljan skulle upprätthålla sin dielektriska hållfastighet under långa perioder vid höga temperaturer. Transformator oljan MIDEL 7131 undersöktes samt analyserades, genom bland annat tester av genombrottspänningar vid rumstemperatur upp till 140 ◦C. Därefter analyserades resultaten genom Normal- och Weibull fördelning. Observationerna från mätningarna tillhandahåller med mer data till flytande dielektrika området och ger en bättre förståelse om hur tillstånd samt driftmiljö kan påverka den dielektriska hållfastigheten av transformatorolja, med speciell fokus på MIDEL 7131.