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Using time-resolved photo-induced reflectivity, we reported for the first time a systematic work on the ultrafast response of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ (BSCCO-2212) and Tl₂Ba₂CuO_6+δ (TBCO-2201), measurements of detwinned YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO-123) single crystal with the electric field ̲E parallel to the a and b-axis and high-resolution measurements of the rising edge dynamics of YBCO-123 thin films. We identified similar photo-induced responses for BSCCO, TBCO and for YBCO with ̲E ⊥ ̲b, which indicates that we observed a universal response of HTSC coming from the CuO2 superconducting planes. This latter dynamics is composed of three different components corresponding to the superconducting, pseudogap and normal state. A bi-molecular model has been put forward to explain the linear temperature dependence of the decay rate; the model implies that the re-formation of the condensate is limited by the rate at which quasiparticle interact. Moreover, we observed superconducting fluctuations up to 13K above T_c and a divergence of the long-lived component magnitude at very low temperature, which is explained by a cw heating model. In the pseudogap state, we have several indications that the negative peak observed between T_c and T* has a different origin from that of the superconducting signal below T_c. We argued that the probe mechanism of the pseudogap signal is electronic excitations of the pseudogap correlations. In the normal state, the observed dynamics is similar to that of simple metals. In the second part of this thesis, the rising edge dynamics of YBCO has been resolved in time. The model developed to interpret the results implies that the hot quasiparticles relaxation time down to the Fermi energy is 55fs. In this context, we proved that the Mazin model cannot explain both the oscillatory and the non-oscillatory part of the dynamics in YBCO. Finally, in YBCO-123, a new response has been observed with ̲E ∥ ̲b. We argued that the origin of this component is intraband transitions. This dynamics is solely responsive to the pseudogap, coming from the difference in scattering rate between pre-formed pairs and quasiparticles in the Drude reflectivity. The response with ̲E ⊥ ̲b exhibits a strong a-b plane anisotropy in its long-lived component, which can be interpreted as a d-wave gap symmetry using the thermally-activated model.

Examination of the paper insulation and copper stress braiding during stripdown of a number of Current Transformers (FMK type 400kV) has revealed the presence of dark deposits. Copper foils are often interspersed within layers of paper insulation and mineral oil found in transformer windings. The dark deposits were often found in association with these foils, affecting several layers of paper in addition to the layer in contact with the copper foil. This thesis describes the research undertaken to identify these deposits and establish a mechanism for the transportation through the paper layers. Preliminary investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) has shown these dark deposits to be copper based. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to show that the transport of the copper deposit through the paper insulation was working under the influence of a diffusion controlled process, related to Fick's law. Laboratory studies in support of work designed to eliminate the problem have shown that corrosion of copper occurs in mineral oils containing a trace of oxygen. This corrosion is non protective in character and leads to migration of copper into adjacent layers of paper. It has been shown that the transport of copper through several layers of paper can be measured by XPS and that the concentration from one paper winding to the next declines in accord with Fick's law for non-steady state diffusion. Measurements of surface concentrations by XPS correlate well with measurements made with atomic absorption spectroscopy on solutions of extracts of the contaminated paper. The laboratory measurements have allowed determination of the diffusion coefficients and activation energy for the transport process and thus give a basis for interpretation of the diffusion profiles found in the transformer in terms of time and temperature of operation. The diffusion process is temperature dependant. The results have been used to produce long term prediction curves.

This work deals with persepective environmentally friendly electroinsulating liquids. Important properties of currently used electroinsulating liquids are listed. Physical nature of viscosity of liquids and its temperature dependance are described and methods of its measuring are listed. Also temperature dependance of density is described from physical point of view. Measurement of density and of temperature dependance of viscosity of chosen vegetable and mineral oils was performed. On the basis of this measurement was calulated the activation energy of these samples. Two methods of dynamic viscosity measurement were used for some samples.

This master thesis is focused on temperature dependence of magnetization curves and susceptibility of thin films of type-I superconductor. A model for susceptibility of type-I superconductor in intermediate state is presented. This model is compared with experimental data yielding temperature dependence of critical magnetic field of superconductor. Furthermore it is shown that sufficiently thin film of superconductor which is type-I in bulk can exhibit type-II behaviour in perpendicular magnetic field. Susceptibility measured on such a film is therefore compared to susceptibility calculated for Bean model for type-I superconductors.

Polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) is the name for a class of materials synthesized by thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors which excellent thermomechanical properties, such as high thermal stability, high oxidation/corrosion resistance and high temperature multifunctionalities. Direct polymer-to-ceramic processing routes of PDCs allow easier fabrication into various components/devices with complex shapes/structures. Due to these unique properties, PDCs are considered as promising candidates for making high-temperature sensors for harsh environment applications, including high temperatures, high stress, corrosive species and/or radiation. The SiAlCN ceramics were synthesized using the liquid precursor of polysilazane (HTT1800) and aluminum-sec-tri-butoxide (ASB) as starting materials and dicumyl peroxide (DP) as thermal initiator. The as-received SiAlCN ceramics have very good thermal-mechanical properties and no detectable weight loss and large scale crystallization. Solid-state NMR indicates that SiAlCN ceramics have the SiN4, SiO4, SiCN3, and AlN5/AlN6 units. Raman spectra reveals that SiAlCN ceramics contain “free carbon” phase with two specific Raman peaks of “D” band and “G” band at 1350 cm1 and 1600 cm1 , respectively. The “free carbon” becomes more and more ordered with increasing the pyrolysis temperature. EPR results show that the defects in SiAlCN ceramics are carbon-related with a g-factor of 2.0016±0.0006. Meanwhile, the defect concentration decreases with increasing sintered temperature, which is consistent with the results obtained from Raman spectra. iv Electric and dielectric properties of SiAlCN ceramics were characterized. The D.C. conductivity of SiAlCN ceramics increases with increasing sintered temperature and the activation energy is about 5.1 eV which higher than that of SiCN ceramics due to the presence of oxygen. The temperature dependent conductivity indicates that the conducting mechanism is a semiconducting band-gap model and follows the Arrhenius equation with two different sections of activation energy of 0.57 eVand 0.23 eV, respectively. The temperature dependent conductivity makes SiAlCN ceramics suit able for high temperature sensor applications. The dielectric properties were carried out by the Agilent 4298A LRC meter. The results reveal an increase in both dielectric constant and loss with increasing temperature (both pyrolysis and tested). Dielectric loss is dominated by the increasing of conductivity of SiAlCN ceramics at high sintered temperatures. SiAlCN ceramic sensors were fabricated by using the micro-machining method. High temperature wire bonding issues were solved by the integrity embedded method (IEM). It’s found that the micro-machining method is a promising and cost-effective way to fabricate PDC high temperature sensors. Moreover IEM is a good method to solve the high temperature wire bonding problems with clear bonding interface between the SiAlCN sensor head and Pt wires. The Wheatstone bridge circuit is well designed by considering the resistance relationship between the matching resistor and the SiAlCN sensor resistor. It was found that the maximum sensitivity can be achieved when the resistance of matching resistor is equal to that of the SiAlCN v sensor. The as-received SiAlCN ceramic sensor was tested up to 600 C with the relative output voltage changing from -3.932 V to 1.153 V. The results indicate that the relationship between output voltage and test temperature is nonlinear. The tested sensor output voltage agrees well with the simulated results. The durability test was carried out at 510 C for more than two hours. It was found that the output voltage remained constant for the first 30 min and then decreased gradually afterward by 0.02, 0.04 and 0.07 V for 1, 1.5 and 2 hours.

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Im Straßenbau sind Tragschichten ohne Bindemittel (ToB) die konstruktive Grundlage des frostsicheren Oberbaus unabhängig von der Bauweise oder der Belastungsklasse. Das mechanische Verformungsverhalten von ToB ist sowohl durch elastische als auch durch plastische Verzerrungen geprägt, wobei die Größe der jeweiligen Dehnungen/Stauchungen u. a. von der Art und Größe der Beanspruchung abhängt. Erschwerend kommt der Einfluss unterschiedlichster, derartige Gemische beeinflussender Randbedingungen hinzu. Verwiesen sei z. B. auf die Materialdichte, den Wassergehalt, Korngrößenverteilungen oder die Kornform. Die thermische Beanspruchung ungebundener Gesteinskorngemische (ofentrockener Zustand) innerhalb des Gebrauchstemperaturbereiches ist für das elastische Materialverhalten als unbedeutende Einflussgröße einzustufen. Dies gilt nicht mehr wenn Wasser im Material vorhanden ist und Temperaturänderungen vom positiven in den negativen °C-Temperaturbereich (oder entgegengesetzt) vorliegen. Die klimatischen Randbedingungen in Deutschland bedingen jedoch sowohl positive als auch negative °C-Temperaturen in den ToB, welche sehr häufig wechseln können. Deshalb ist ein Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit die Untersuchung des elastischen Verformungsverhaltens von Gesteinskorngemischen unter triaxialen Bedingungen und zyklischer Beanspruchung sowie zusätzlicher thermischer Beeinflussung des Materials. Von besonderer Bedeutung hierbei ist die Untersuchung des mechanischen Verformungsverhaltens während des Aggregatzustandswechsels des im Gesteinskorngemisch existenten Wassers von der fluiden in die kristalline Zu-standsform im Zuge der Materialabkühlung bzw. von der kristallinen in die fluide Zustandsform im Zuge der Materialerwärmung. Für die Analyse des spannungsabhängigen Materialverhaltens bei unterschiedlichen Verdichtungsgraden und Wassergehalten sowohl mit als auch ohne zusätzliche thermische Beeinflussung des Materials, stellt die Erarbeitung einer geeigneten Prüfprozedur einen weite-ren essentiell erforderlichen Bearbeitungsschwerpunkt im Rahmen des Untersuchungsprogramms dar. Neben der bekannten Temperaturunabhängigkeit von ToB im positiven °C-Temperaturbereich (Gebrauchstemperaturbereich) kann im Ergebnis der vorliegenden Arbeit festgestellt werden, dass Gleiches gilt wenn das im Gesteinskorngemisch existente Wasser quasi-vollständig kristallisiert ist und dieser Zustand unverändert erhalten bleibt (bzw. eine weitere Abkühlung vorliegt), d. h. die Massenanteile von Wasser in fluider und kristalliner Form als konstant angesehen werden können. Temperaturzustände, welche zwischen den beiden zuvor genannten Sachverhalten eingeordnet werden können (unabhängig davon, ob ein Abkühlungs- oder Erwärmungsprozess vorliegt), beeinflussen das mechanische Verformungsverhalten des Materials infolge des Aggregatzustandswechsels von Was-ser im Gesteinskorngemisch erheblich. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Untersuchungen kann u. a. herausgearbeitet werden das nicht nur ohne sondern auch bei thermischer Beeinflussung der Wassergehalt dominanten Charakter aufweist. Ein steigender Wassergehalt führt bei thermisch unbeeinflusstem Mate-rial zum bekannten Anstieg der elastischen Materialantwort. Bei thermischer Beeinflussung tritt ein gegenteiliges Phänomen auf. Die elastische Dehnung nimmt bei gleichen Beanspru-chungsrandbedingungen und steigendem Wassergehalt (dränierte Bedingungen) erheblich ab und kann mit dem ansteigenden kristallinen Wasseranteil im Gesteinskorngemisch begründet werden. Die Spannungsabhängigkeit des Gesteinskorngemisches, welche für den thermisch unbeeinflussten Zustand bekannt ist, kann hierbei resultierend aus dem vergleichsweise geringen Kristallisationsfortschritt von Wasser zum Betrachtungszeitpunkt auch für den thermisch beeinflussten Zustand zu Beginn der Abkühlphase bzw. am Ende der Erwärmungsphase festgestellt werden. Sowohl bei quasi-vollständigem Durchfrieren als auch bei fortschrei-tender Materialabkühlung und damit steigender kristalliner Wasseranteile im Gesteinskorngemisch kann im Rahmen der festgelegten Prüfbedingungen, der festgelegten Prüfprozedur und der definierten Beanspruchungszustände linear elastisches Materialverhalten unterstellt werden.

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No description available.