Geotechnical engineers often face important discrepancies between the observed and the predicted behavior of geosystems. Two conceptual frameworks are hypothesized as possible causes: the ubiquitous spatial variability in soil properties and process-dependent terminal densities inherent to granular materials. The effects of spatial variability are explored within conduction and diffusion processes. Mixtures, layered systems, inclusions and random fields are considered, using numerical, experimental and analytical methods. Results include effective medium parameters and convenient design and analysis tools for various common engineering cases. In addition, the implications of spatial variability on inverse problems in diffusion are numerically explored for the common case of layered media. The second hypothesis states that there exists a unique terminal density for every granular material and every process. Common geotechnical properties are readily cast in this framework, and new experimental data are presented to further explore its implications. Finally, an unprecedented field study of blast densification is documented. It involves comprehensive laboratory and site characterization programs and an extensive field monitoring component. This full scale test lasts one year and includes four blasting events.

Geostructures experience repetitive load cycles, which gradually affect their long-term performance. This thesis explores the long-term response of soils subjected to mechanical load-unload, heat-cool, freeze-thaw, and atmospheric pressure oscillations. The research methodology involves new instrumented cells (oedometer, temperature-controlled triaxial chamber, and pressure-controlled drying chamber), various geophysical monitoring methods (X-ray micro-CT, NMR, S-wave, and EM-waves), and simulations using discrete element modeling. Results show that soils subjected to repetitive mechanical or environmental loading experience shear and volumetric strain accumulation and changes in saturation (during barometric pressure cycles). In all cases, soils evolve towards an asymptotic terminal void ratio; the change in void ratio is pronounced when the soil exhibits grain-displacive ice formation during freeze-thaw cycles. The initial stress obliquity defines the shear strain response, which may be either shakedown -at low stress obliquity-, or ceaseless shear strain accumulation in ratcheting mode when the maximum stress obliquity approaches failure conditions. Finally, we provide simple engineering guidelines to estimate the long-term behavior of soils subjected to repetitive mechanical or environmental loading.

Improvements in quality of life, population growth, and environmental restrictions associated with the burning of fossil fuels will accentuate the need for renewable energy and energy geo-storage. A salient characteristic of these systems is that they impose numerous cycles of effective stress, temperature, and humidity on the surrounding geomaterials. This thesis quantifies future energy consumption based on realizable scenarios and explores the behavior of geomaterials subjected to mechanical and thermal cycles in view of energy-related applications. The long-term behavior of geotechnical systems subjected to a large number of mechanical load cycles is studied with a new numerical scheme based on a hybrid finite element formulation. The numerical scheme satisfies initial conditions as well as fundamental characteristics of soil behavior, such as threshold strain, terminal density, and long-term ratcheting. Numerical results show that shallow foundations subjected to repetitive loading experience strain accumulation and stress redistribution. On the other hand, the long-term behavior of energy piles, exposed geomembranes on slopes, and jointed rock masses subjected to cyclic thermal changes is studied using a combination of numerical, analytical, and experimental methods. Results show that thermal cycles lead to the gradual accumulation of plastic displacements, which may be amplified by thermally-induced wedging in jointed rock masses. In general, cumulative effects caused by repetitive loads increase with the number of cycles, the static factor of safety, the amplitude of the cyclic excitation, and the magnitude of the cyclically-induced displacement with respect to the critical elastic displacement.