<p><p> <strong>Abstract</strong></p></p><p> <strong>Titel: </strong>Terms of endearment: A study on how strangers are addressed in Northern Ireland and Ireland</p><p><strong>Författare: </strong>Kristina SkagerströmEngelska C, 2009</p><p> </p><p><strong>Antal sidor: 16</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The aim of this study was to find out whether<strong> </strong>terms of endearment are used by native speakers of English while addressing strangers and if so, what are the reasons? Another aspect is if they use familiar body language while addressing a stranger. This study was carried out based on a number of observations in Northern Ireland and Ireland.</p><p>Since the aim of the study was to see why terms of endearments are used the researcher needed the help of a male observer to see if the reasons were gender related. Nine restaurants of different social class were visited, nine stores of different social class, the observers spoke to nine taxi drivers, they visited nine hotels of different social class; and asked nine people for directions in the street.</p><p> The results showed that no young people addressed either of the observers with terms of endearment. There was no difference in social class. There was a big difference in how the male and the female observer were addressed by people over the age of 40. While the male observer was addressed very polite, the female observer was addressed with a very informal speech were the participants used terms of endearments such as "love" and touched her on the shoulder.</p><p> <strong>Nyckelord: Terms of endearment, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Observations</strong></p>

Abstract  Titel: Terms of endearment: A study on how strangers are addressed in Northern Ireland and Ireland Författare: Kristina SkagerströmEngelska C, 2009   Antal sidor: 16   Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out whether terms of endearment are used by native speakers of English while addressing strangers and if so, what are the reasons? Another aspect is if they use familiar body language while addressing a stranger. This study was carried out based on a number of observations in Northern Ireland and Ireland. Since the aim of the study was to see why terms of endearments are used the researcher needed the help of a male observer to see if the reasons were gender related. Nine restaurants of different social class were visited, nine stores of different social class, the observers spoke to nine taxi drivers, they visited nine hotels of different social class; and asked nine people for directions in the street.  The results showed that no young people addressed either of the observers with terms of endearment. There was no difference in social class. There was a big difference in how the male and the female observer were addressed by people over the age of 40. While the male observer was addressed very polite, the female observer was addressed with a very informal speech were the participants used terms of endearments such as "love" and touched her on the shoulder.  Nyckelord: Terms of endearment, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Observations

This thesis investigates three terms of endearment in soap operas, namely honey, sweetheart and darling. The purpose is to determine how these terms are used and in what context. 200 tokens were taken from the Corpus of American Soap Operas which contains 10 different soaps. The results indicate that more women utilize terms of endearment overall in soap operas, both to men and to other females. However, women are also mostly addressed with these terms. Honey is used mostly woman-to-woman, sweetheart most man-to-woman and darling is used mostly by women addressing men. Furthermore, honey occurs most frequently and almost all terms are used in a positive way, but there were some few exceptions however. In general, a term of endearment is mostly utilized at the end of a sentence, and individuals who are addressed with honey, sweetheart or darling do not usually respond with a similar term in return. An analysis of the social relationships between the characters/speakers of terms of endearment was also conducted, and it indicated that romantic couples and mother-to-son were common constellations where these terms often occurred. Furthermore, no instances were found where men used terms of endearment to other men. Moreover, the portrayal of men and women in soaps are not that stereotypical that one may suspect, but there are still stereotypical characteristics to find. This paper also suggests that terms of endearment are more common in soap operas than in authentic speech. The conclusion is that the findings in this thesis are important but further and more comprehensive studies have to be conducted in order to establish that the results presented here are reliable and accurate.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus in this paper is on terms of endearment, and initially linking it with love, affection and care, which prominently feature in the oldest ancient languages. Users of dictionaries are motivated by finding and understanding the unbelievable variety of words in languages. In many faiths/religions people give credence to a perception that love and understanding of one another's needs and aspirations form the true basis of successful interpersonal relationships but as yet no consensus has been reached. The data was empirically collected through personal conversations with local people, including children, the young generation, parents and grandparents, staff of banks, supermarkets and bookshops. A distinction is made between terms generally used for kids, adults, men and women according to context in usage and the meanings thereof as reported by respondents, varying from seriously meant (dearest), to affectionate (darling, beloved) to mere superficial friendship (pal, love). As the focus was on Afrikaans which is the home language of the most residents in the Western Cape, according to information received from Statistics South Africa, and the knowledge as well as present usage of the word 'troetel' as a term of endearment, the English equivalents and additional similar terms are not of importance here. The impression is, however, that a special nuance of emotion is attached to the usage of the mentioned examples. Dictionaries should include terms of endearment known in the colloquial language at the time of their compilation and must be reliable sources of information regarding vocabulary, ways to address people and the varying degrees of communication in the wide distinguishable variety of contexts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Woordeboekverklarings vir die woord troetel sluit onder meer in met liefde behandel, liefkoos, streel en versorg. Hierdie besonder positiewe konnotasie het gelei na ʼn soekroete in die oudste antieke tale as vertrekpunt om die ontstaan, bekendheid en gebruik van hierdie woordjie in Afrikaans te probeer vasstel. Omdat liefde in verskeie gelowe as basis vir suksesvolle menseverhoudinge deur die eeue aanbeveel, uitgeleef of geopponeer is, en tog nog geen algemeen aanvaarde konsensus, ten spyte van al die slim argumente en beredenerings deur briljante geleerdes bereik is nie, kan troeteltaal wat meestal met ʼn ondertoon van ʼn nuanse van liefde gepaard gaan, gebruikstaal positief beïnvloed. Deur middel van onoffisiële proefvraelysies aan die publiek plaaslik en op die platteland en deur persoonlike empiriese navorsing in gemeenskappe is die verlangde inligting by oud en jonk versamel, bank-, supermark- en boekwinkelpersoneel se menings is ingewin. Daar is onderskei tussen troetel- of troetelverwante name vir babas tot jongmense en seniors, mans en dames, met betekenisse volgens konteks soos deur respondente verstrek. Alhoewel troetel as sulks nie by die jonger geslag juis algemeen, soos vroeër, bekend is nie, veral in dorpsgemeenskappe, kom dit nog redelik wyd in die Wes-Kaap, streek- en gesinsgebonde voor. Daar word probeer om leksikograwe te beïnvloed om meer aandag aan troetelwoordjies soos bokkie, dingetjie, kleintjie en pikkie in woordeboek te gee en die gebruik daarvan en krag daarin opgesluit by gebruikers te laat ervaar en weer in gebruik te laat herlewe, veral by ouers en jongmense. ʼn Doel van woordeboeke vir die algemene taalgebruiker is in hoofsaak om ʼn data-aanbod daar te stel wat verteenwoordigend is van die gewone omgangstaal in die tydsgewrig van samestelling, maar om verder ook as interessante inligtingsbronne van data in gebruikstaal te dien.