Darbe norima atskleisti teroro akto sudėties požymius, analizuojant tiek tarptautinius teisės aktus, tiek ir skirtingų valstybių, jų tarpe ir Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamuosius įstatymus. Keliama hipotezė, kad teroro akto kaip nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymiai nėra pakankamai reglamentuoti nei tarptautiniu, nei nacionaliniu lygiu. Akcentuojama, teroro akto kaip nusikalstamos veikos teisinio įtvirtinimo problema dėl vieningu definicijų nebuvimo. Darbe analizuojamas terorizmo reiškinys pradedant jo istorinio vystimosi apžvalga, sampratų, įtvirtintų tarptautiniuose ir nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose, tyrimu. Ieškoma santykio tarp teroro akto ir terorizmo sąvokų. Apžvelgiami egzistuojantys tarptautiniai teisiniai instrumentai, skirti kovai su vienu pražūtingiausių šių laikų reiškinių – terorizmu, darbe skiriamas dėmesys ir skirtingų valstybių nacionaliniams teisės aktams, reglamentuojantiems kovą su terorizmu, ieškoma tam tikrų teisinio reglamentavimo panašumų, siekiama nustatyti kaip skirtingos valstybės teisiškai vertina teroro aktą kaip nusikalstamą veiką. Analizuojama teroro akto samprata įtvirtintą Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse. / The paper seeks to identify the main characteristics of act of terror, by analyzing both international laws, and legislation in different countries, including the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The paper raises the hypothesis that act of terror as a criminal activity is not sufficiently regulated at both international and at national level, emphasizing that act of terror as criminal activity lacks of unified definition. The paper analyzes the phenomenon of terrorism starting with the historical development of the review of the concepts embodied in the international and national legislation. Searches for the relationship between the concepts of act of terror and terrorism. Overviews the existing international legal instruments to fight terrorism. The paper also focuses on different sets of national legislation on the fight against terrorism and soughts for some regulatory similarities; it also analyzes the concept of act of terror enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania.

Terrorism is a weapon of mass destruction, which can cause many deaths. Essentially, it is a war against all civilized society, so the struggle to eliminate, or at least to restrict this violence, is also a war. Unfortunately, the cost of war on terrorism is very high. Everyday thousands of innocent people are dying because of irrational terrorist acts. One of the main characteristic’s of terrorism is the creation and exploitation of fear to bring about political change. Furthermore, all terrorist acts include the threat of violence, committed by nongovernmental groups or individuals. The main goal is to frighten and thereby intimidate a wide audience, such as a rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country, or the international community. Therefore, terrorism can be also defined as a brutal act, which has a political motive or goal and can be perpetrated against innocent people. The word terrorism was first used in France to describe a new system of government adopted during the French Revolution in the XVIII century. The regime de la terreur (Reign of Terror) was intended to promote democracy. However, the cruelty and violent excesses of the terreur distorted it into a fear instrument. The terrorism today is different, with many different forms and many different causes. Understanding the cause for which the terrorist fights, takes a lot of time and consideration. Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety reasons, such as historical, political... [to full text]

Šiame darbe analizuojama valstybės teroro samprata akademiniame, teisiniame ir politiniame lygmenyse. Tyrimo metu atsiskleidė, jog analizuojant valstybės terorą susiduriama su trimis problemomis: a) konceptualizacijos problema - valstybė gali teisėtai naudoti jėgą, siekdama įgyvendinti priimtus sprendimus, todėl sudėtinga nubrėžti ribą tarp legalių ir neteisėtų valstybės veiksmų. b) emocinė problema – tarptautinei bendruomenei sunku suprasti arba vengia suprasti valstybės teroro idėją, t.y. pripažinti, kad moralinį autoritetą tarptautinių santykių sistemoje įgijusios šalys gali būti susijusios su valstybės terorizmu; c) informacijos trūkumas - informacija apie vidinės represijas yra slapta arba sunaikinama, o išorinių asmenų vykdomi tyrimai traktuojami kaip kišimasis į šalies vidaus reikalus Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad valstybės teroras iki šiol nėra aiškiai apibrėžtas nei viename iš minėtų diskursų, konstruojamas konceptualus valstybės teroro apibrėžimas. Magistro darbe teigiama, jog dėl nepakankamo teisinio valstybės teroro konceptualizavimo trūksta mechanizmų neutralizuoti valstybės terorą, todėl kovos su terorizmu kontekste valstybės teroro legitimizacija tampa itin lanksti. Valstybės teroro teisinio apibrėžimo problema nėra išspręsta ne tik kad nacionaliniu, bet ir tarptautiniu lygmeniu: teisiškai neapibrėžta, kas yra valstybės teroras, kas turi su juo kovoti, kaip ir kokiomis priemonėmis kovoti ir t.t. Valstybės teroro atvejais kyla pagrindiniai klausimai: kodėl... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the times of global war on terror there are no paid considerable attention for a state terror, even if this term is used more and more in political discourse defying a single states as being terroristic. Therefore the main research question is why in the era of global war on terror the international community are not fighting with a state terror, which undermines the same human lifes, rights and values as „terrorism“ does? In this study, titled “State Terror in the Context of Global War on Terror: Case Study of US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan”, the author analyses the concept of state terror in academic, political and juridical level. The main goal of this study is to analyze, why in the context of global war on terror the states are divided into separate categories: some states become enemies, others avoid criticism, even if they can be treated as state terror systems.. In order to carry out the tasks set, the study has been divided into six chapters: In the first chapter there was determined a problem of state terror conceptualization. It was concluded that there are three main reasons: conceptualization, emotional and lack of information or data about state terror. The second chapter analyzed a juridical definition of state terror. The analysis of UN conventions and other counter terrorism law data proved that there is no legal definition of state terror and therefore any preventive instruments of fighting against it become neutralized. The study has thus... [to full text]

Stress at work, apart from back pain, is the second work- related health problem most often met in the European Union. 28 % of employees with that problem. Stress at work causes more than a quarter of work- related health disorders. Employees of all professions encounter with that stress at work. Teachers make no exception. They often feel emotional stress because of unsufficient social support, they encounter with heavy workload. Social insulation or social elimination, work unappreciated, threat making or disruptions of inviduality are situations that can be measured as negative behavior at work. Manifestations of negative behavior predispose emerging of psychological terror. Aim of the study: is to explore and evaluate frequency of stress and psychological terror experienced at work by teachers working at Kaunas City Gymnasiums and secondary schools, and also the factors that cause such stress. Methods: information has been gathered using questionnaires for 475 teachers at Kaunas City gymnasiums and secondary schools. Information given in the questionnaires has been evaluated statistically using SPSS 11.5 for Windows program. Results: it has been found that 25.5 % of teachers suffer from psychological terror at work. 3 % of respondents feel psychological terror daily or several times a week. 80.1 % of educators feel stress. 14 % of teachers feel much stress. Most of tested persons (67.7 %) have good health, 13.4 %- very good, 14 %- poor. No one told that his health is... [to full text]

Darbe norima atskleisti teroro akto sudėties požymius, nustatyti atskyrimo nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų galimybes. Keliama hipotezė, kad Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse teroro akto sudėties požymiai nėra pakankamai apibrėžti. Akcentuojama teroro, teroro akto ir terorizmo sampratų atskyrimo problema. Autorė pastebi, kad atsiranda vis daugiau mokslinių darbų terorizmo tematika, daugeliu atvejų tai politologinio ar istorinio pobūdžio darbai, daugiau analizuojantys terorizmo padarinius, terorizmo paplitimą ar teroristinių organizacijų veiklą, mažai dėmesio skiriant teroro aktų, kurie yra priemonė teroristinei ideologijai sklisti, sudėties analizei, kurios požymiai nepakankamai reglamentuoti ir Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse. Darbe siekiama terorizmą ir teroro aktus atskirti, teroro aktą apibrėžiant kaip nusikalstamą veiką, individualią, nepakartojamą, neatsiejamą nuo konkrečių asmenų – teroro aktus realizuojančių asmenų ir jų aukų. Darbe atskleidžiamas ir teroro, kaip iracionalios baimės kūrėjo, vaidmuo teroro akte. Remiantis Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo sprendimais, tarptautinės teisės aktais, kitais moksliniais darbais, magistro darbe formuluojamos teroro akto sudėtyje minimos sąvokos. Pabrėžiama visuomenės saugumo, kaip baudžiamojo įstatymo saugomos vertybės, į kurią kėsinamasi teroro aktu, svarba. Visuomenės saugumas apibūdinamas kaip būsena be grėsmių, grėsmę suvokiant kaip realią galimybę sukelti konkrečią žalą saugomam objektui (pvz., strateginės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this work the author is trying to describe the features of terror act, identify possibilities of delimitation from other criminal acts. There is created a hypothesis, that in the Penal code of Lithuania Republic the features of terror acts’ consist are not clearly defined. There is emphasized the problem of differentiation of terror, terror act and terrorism concepts. The author is noticing that there are more studies about terrorism, in many cases they are of political or historical character, more analyzing the issues of terrorism, its’ spread ant the activity of terrorist organizations, paying less attention for the analysis of terror acts, that are means for spreading terrorist ideology. In this work there is trying to distinguish terrorism and terror act, describing as criminal act, individual, unrepeatable, concurrent from concrete person, who realize these terror acts and its’ victims. In this work also is revealed terror’s, as creator of irrational fair, role in terror act. Following the decisions of Lithuania High Court, international juridical acts, other research work, in this master work are formulated concepts concerning the consist of terror act. There is emphasizing the importance of society’s security as worth in penal law, which can be attempting by terror act. Society’s security is described as state without danger, in this case danger is comprehensible as real possibility to make harm for saved objects (for example, strategic objects, the destruction of... [to full text]