L’objectif de ce travail était de caractériser la variabilité saisonnière des échanges gazeux des arbres de la canopée en forêt tropicale humide guyanaise confrontés à des saisons sèches.L’étude s’est orientée sur la mesure des flux de carbone et d’eau au cours des saisons sèches dans deux habitats contrastés du point de vue hydrique, afin de préciser leur sensibilité et réponse à la sècheresse. Nos résultats montrent qu’une proportion non négligeable d’arbres ne subit pas de sécheresse marquée en saison sèche, malgré la forte diminution de la teneur en eau du sol en surface. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que ces arbres possèdent alors des racines en profondeur qui leur permettent d’accéder aux horizons qui restent humides malgré la faible pluviométrie. Durant les longues saisons sèches, nous observons une diminution de l’assimilation nette de CO2 foliaire, de l’efflux de CO2 des troncs ou de la densité de flux de sève, et dans une moindre mesure de la respiration foliaire. Cette diminution concerne un nombre plus important d’arbres, quand l’intensité de la sécheresse est plus forte (2008 par rapport à 2007). Néanmoins, de grandes différences de réponse à la sècheresse du sol ont été observées, suggérant des sensibilités et des mécanismes de réponse différents entre ces arbres. En habitat de bas-fond, nous montrons une plus faible diminution des flux carbonés et hydriques en saison sèche, suggérant un accès pour ces arbres aux horizons humides, proches de la nappe phréatique. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent pour certains arbres un effet négatif des conditions d’anoxie sur ces flux en saison des pluies.Si l’accentuation de l’intensité des saisons sèches en forêt tropicale humide Amazonienne se confirme, comme suggérée par les modèles climatiques, ce travail suggère des modifications rapides de la composition spécifique des forêts, au profit des espèces plus résistantes aux contraintes hydriques / The aim of this work was to characterize the seasonal variations in leaf and trunk gas exchange of tropical rainforest canopy trees exposed to dry seasons. This study focused on measuring gas exchange (CO2 and H2O) at the leaf and trunk level during dry seasons in a Terra firme forest and in a seasonally flooded forest in order to specify their sensitivity and response to drought.Our results showed that part of the studied trees do not encounter a large reduction in soil water content during dry seasons, suggesting that they display deep rooting systems.During long dry periods, we recorded a decrease in leaf photosynthesis, trunk CO2 efflux or sap flow density, and foliar respiration to a lesser extent, for a majority of the trees. Nevertheless, large differences among trees in their response to these conditions were observed, suggesting distinct sensitivities and response to soil drought among trees. Furthermore, these variations were greatest when soil drought was highest (2008 as compared to 2007).In seasonally flooded forest, the decrease in gas exchange was less, suggesting that these trees do have access to wet layers during the dry season, close to the groundwater. However, during wet seasons, we observed a negative effect of anoxia for some trees, whereas others did not display any response, suggesting large differences in tolerance to anoxia among trees abundant in these seasonally flooded forests.We conclude that would seasonal soil droughts increase over the next decades, large vegetation changes might occur because of the large differences among trees in their functional response to soil drought conditions

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-02T21:34:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_QuantificacaoCaracterizacaoQuimica.pdf: 28493229 bytes, checksum: d4899763bc9c0d1a515d650dfc836bae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-02T22:06:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_QuantificacaoCaracterizacaoQuimica.pdf: 28493229 bytes, checksum: d4899763bc9c0d1a515d650dfc836bae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T22:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_QuantificacaoCaracterizacaoQuimica.pdf: 28493229 bytes, checksum: d4899763bc9c0d1a515d650dfc836bae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-29 / A Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, FLONA Tapajós, com 600.000 ha de floresta protegida, é situada a 50 quilômetros ao sul de Santarém, Pará, Brasil. Os solos são altamente intemperizados e profundos, bem drenados, caoliníticos, classificados como Latossolo Amarelo e, pela classificação americana, como Oxisol (Haplustox), com pH acido (4,5) e livre de duripans e concreções lateríticas. Em um ecossistema como a floresta tropical úmida, nutrientes estão sendo ciciados. Esta ciclagem de nutrientes envolve entradas para o sistema vindo da atmosfera e do intemperismo das rochas e minerais presentes no solo, saído através da água de drenagem e a circulação interna dentro do sistema. Esta circulação interna envolve a transferência de nutrientes da vegetação para o solo através da lavagem (throughfall e escorrimento pelo tronco), onde não intervem organismos decompositores. Concentrações dos íons Cl-, NO3-, PO4-3, SO4-2, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg+2 e Ca+2 foram analisados através cromatografia liquida utilizando cromatógrafo Dionex DX-120. Para os gases, tubos de aço inoxidável foram instalados nas paredes laterais de três perfis escavados no campo, nas profundidades de 5, 15, 30, 50, 100 e 200 centímetros. As concentrações de N2O e Co2 foram analisadas através de cromatografia gasosa usando o método de ECD (electron capture detector), enquanto as concentrações do CH4 foram medidas através de FID (flame injection detector). Os cromatógrafos foram calibrados com 3 níveis padrões de ar sintético. Como principais conclusões, apresentamos: a estação exerce forte influencia na concentração dos cátions básicos; throughfall é um dos mais importantes caminhos para a entrada de nutrientes na Flana Tapajós; há um aporte significativo de macronutrientes mais cloro e sódio, principalmente, oriundos da agricultura intensiva de grãos; houve maior volume de precipitação do que a média dos últimos vinte anos; a deposição seca é o mais importante processo de enriquecimento da água que alcança o solo da floresta; a duração do período seco antecedente é fator dominante no fluxo de nutrientes na Flona Tapajós; dentro do período seco ocorrem as maiores variações entre os íons analisados; processos de convecção que acumulam os nutrientes sobre a Flona, em virtude da brisa do rio Tapajós, favorecem o aumento nos teores dos elementos estudados; a análise dos componentes principais facilita a interpretação da caracterização da,.água de precipitação, mostrando, neste estudo, a influencia de fontes antropogênicas (agricultura, queima da biomassa e poeira); o processo de nitrificação exerce um papel fundamental na química da água da chuva, devendo ser mais bem estudada. Quanto aos gases estudados, verificaram-se fluxos, até a profundidade de 15cm, durante os períodos secos, menores do que os fluxos no período úmido, dentro dessas profundidades; nas outras profundidades os fluxos no período seco são sempre maiores do que no período úmido, demonstrando que a umidade, nas profundidades maiores do que 15cm é suficiente para promover a produção e emissão de gases, não restringindo a difusão interna do mesmo.Houve sensível variação sazonal entre os fluxos de óxido nitroso e gás carbônico, com mais baixos fluxos no período seco; Os fluxos, em kg.ha-1.ano-1, apontaram 182.102, 22,97 e 14,08, respectivamente, para gás carbônico, óxido nitroso e metano; Há elevada variação sazonal na umidade do solo, entre o período seco e úmido; O solo apresenta déficit de água disponível durante o período seco, considerando-se a profundidade de 0-100cm. Na camada de 100-200cm, não foi observado déficit; Há significativa correlação entre a umidade do solo e o fluxo de óxido nitroso; Não evidente variação na temperatura do solo ao longo das profundidades estudadas; Não há nítida variação sazonal na temperatura do solo, durante o período úmido e seco; Material orgânico degradável e nitrogênio são, juntamente com já umidade e a temperatura do solo, importantes fatores para a produção e emissão de óxido nitroso e gás carbônico. / The Tapajós National Forest, FLONA Tapajós, with 600.000 ha of protected forest is located at the km 50 south of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Soils are highly weathered and deep, well drained, kaolinitc, classified as Yellow Latosol and according to north American classification as Oxisol (Haplustox), with a acidic pH (4.5) and free of duripans and lateritic concretions. In a ecosystem like a humid tropical forest, nutrients are being cycled. This cycling involves inputs from atmosphere and from the weathering of rocks and minerais present in the soil, with output through drainage water and internai circulation of the system. This circulation involves the transfer of nutrients from vegetation to the soil through the washing (throughfall and runoff on the bole), where there is no intervention by decomposers. Concentrations of ions Cl-, NO3-, PO4-3, SO4-2, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg+2 and Ca+2 were analyzed by liquid chromatography using a Dionex DX - 120. For gas sampling, stainless steel tubings were installed on the lateral walls of three profiles dig on the ground at the following depths of 5, 15, 30, 50, 100 and 200 centimeters. The concentrations of N20 and CO2 were analyzed by gas chromatography using electron capture detector (ECD), whereas CH4 concentrations were measured using a flame ionization detector (FID). The chromatographs were calibrated using 3 different leveis of synthetic air standards. As results, we observed: The station has strong influence on the basic cation concentration; throughfall is one of the most important ways for nutrient inputs pt the FLONA Tapajós; there is a significant arrival of macronutrients together with Chlorine and sodium coming from the intensive grain agriculture. We observed the greatest volume of precipitation over the last 20 years. Dry deposition is the most important process of water enrichment that reaches the forest soil. The duration of the previous dry period is predominant to determine the input of nutrients into the Tapajós National forest. Within the dry period occur the greatest variations among the ions analyzed. Convection processes that accumulate the nutrients over the FLONA area, due to the breeze of the Tapajós river, favor the increase in the amount of the studied elements; the analyzes of the main components facilitate the interpretation of water characterization from precipitation, showing in this study, the influence of anthropogenic sources (agriculture, biomass burning) and dust; The process of nitrification plays a major role on chemistry,of water from precipitation and should be more studied. About the studied gases, we verified fluxes at a 15 cm depth during the dry period lower than the fluxes observed during the wet period at the same depth. For the other depths, the fluxes during the dry period are always greater than the fluxes during wet period, showing that moisture at depths deeper than 15 cm is enough to promote'the prodúction and emissjon of those gases, not constraining the soil diffusion. We observed sensible seasonal variation among the fluxes of N2O and CO2, with the lowest rates taking place during the dry period. The fluxes, in kg ha-1 year-1, showed 182.1, 22. 97 and 14.08 for CO2, N2O, and CH4, respectively. Strong seasonal variation was observed for soil water content between dry and wet seasons. The soil shows a deficit for available water during dry period when we consider the depth down to 100 cm. At the 100 cm layer down to 200 cm, there was observed no deficit. There was significant correlation between soil water content and N2O flux. No evident variation in soil temperature along the various depths studied. There was no olear seasonal variation in soil temperature between dry and wet periods. Degradable organic material and nitrogen are, together with moisture and soil temperature major factors determining the production and emission of N2O and CO2.