Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009. / Vita: p. 370. Thesis director: Dan Rothbart. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 360-369). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2008. / Adviser: Houman Sadri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-74).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2003. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-88)

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-43).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, March, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-164)

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. / Title from title page of source document (p. iii) (viewed on December 6, 2007). Includes Report documentation page (p. ii). Thesis Advisor(s): Susan G. Hutchins, Anthony Kendall. "June 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-176 ). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2006. / "May 26, 2006." "National Defense Univ Norfolk VA"--DTIC cover. AD-A451 235. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

The fundamental essence covered the central role of representation of meaning within signs of photographic images captured of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States of America, in Time magazine’s September 11, 2001 special edition. This was done in order to determine how sign representation appeared in relation to philosophical sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s concepts of simulacra, simulation, hyperreality and massification. These concepts were assessed in relation to dominant theme categories and sub themes contained in the photographic images of this publication by means of a qualitative thematic content analysis. The motivation for the selection of this event was based on its magnitude and worldwide consequences. Furthermore, the images were selected in the specified mass media medium of Time magazine based on Baudrillard’s inference that consumption within a society is based on the controlling codes of society and one of these codes is the mass media. Hence the mass media have control over the value which a sign will have in a specific society thus giving it meaning, and on its inception AOL/Time Warner was the largest media conglomerate ever formed. Therefore what messages they deem as significant to be disseminated will become a controlling code of what signs have which meaning on a global scale. Moreover, Baudrillard believes that the mass media create a dominant belief system, which creates mass ideas and one of the ways in which massification occurs is through the use of images. As such, visuals play a powerful role in the representation of major world events. Particularly photographs because they are a reflection and thus form part of the registration process of what is being witnessed, where in this case it was the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Hence visual images of world events are displayed globally by the mass media, which in turn propagate their own mediation of events and in this particular case terrorism fuelled the massified information that was dispersed. This information is circulated on a global scale via the mass media based on what will generate the most capital by creating what is consumable. What has occurred in the mass media arena is that ownership structures have changed and today there is a major increase in media conglomerates with media power being in fewer and fewer hands. This leads to information flow that is skewed by a specified ideology, which in the case of Time magazine would be a western ideology. In line with the established motivation as well as the dominance of visual supplements in much of the coverage of September 11, 2001, the overriding research problem was to determine how meaning was represented in the signs, from a Baudrillardian perspective, in the dominant themes in selected visuals in Time magazine’s September 11, 2001 special edition. Based on the research, a key underlying finding revealed the idea that in mass mediated cultures everything is a sign and representation of the real and therefore the real loses meaning and is replaced by a hyperreal and thus image and form devour the real and audiences are seduced by the values of signs. / Andrea Crystal

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America, there has been a shift in the policies of many countries to combat terrorism. Terrorism has had a devastating effect on many. These include „the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilise Governments, undermine civil society, jeopardise peace and security, and threaten social and economic development.‟ All of these also had a real impact on the enjoyment of human rights. Therefore the fight to curb further terrorist attacks is paramount. States are charged with the responsibility of curbing terrorism by their citizens. But with responsibility comes obligations to the citizenry. States should therefore not engage in policies or actions that further deprive others of their enjoyment of human rights. This is well put by Hoffman when he says „history shows that when societies trade human rights for security, most often they get neither.‟ / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Lukas Muntingh at the Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This paper explores the research puzzle if states, in the name of security, conduct policy changes due to terrorist attacks and whether theses policy changes has an affect on the level of democracy. The research examines the cases of France and the UK during 2014-2016. France experienced several terrorist attacks in 2015 while the UK experienced none. The hypothesis, that the exposure of a terrorist attack/terrorist attacks leads to a decrease in democracy, received strong support. France saw a greater number of democratic restrictions than the UK in 2016. However, the support was reduced to a moderate level since the empirics indicate that countries often conduct anti-democratic policy changes due to previous experienced terrorist attacks and a perceived threat of terrorist attacks. This was the case in both countries 2014 and the UK 2016 where no terrorist attack was observed. An alternative explanation is that crises in general constitute a reduction in democracy rather than specifically terrorist attacks. Another objection is that the result might suffer from low reliability due to the case's similarity in terms of being European democratic countries. Therefore, to generalize the result a broader number of cases have to be examined.