A Determinação da Estrutura tridimensional de Proteínas (DEP) a partir da sua seqüência de aminoácidos é importante para a engenharia de proteínas e o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Uma alternativa para este problema tem sido a aplicação de técnicas de computação evolutiva. As abordagens utilizando Algoritmos Evolutivos (AEs) tem obtido resultados relevantes, porém estão restritas a pequenas proteínas, com dezenas de aminoácidos e a algumas classes de proteínas. Este trabalho propõe a investigação de uma abordagem utilizando AEs para a predição da estrutura terciária de proteínas independentemente do seu tamanho e classe. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que apesar das dificuldades encontradas a abordagem investigada constitue-se em uma alternativa em relação aos métodos clássicos de determinação da estrutura terciária das proteínas. / Protein structure determination (DEP) from aminoacid sequences is very importante to protein engineering and development of new drugs. Evolutionary computation has been aplied to this problem with relevant results. Nevertheless, Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) can work with only proteins with few aminoacids and some protein classes. This work proposes an approach using AEs to predict protein tertiary structure independly from their size and class. The obtained results show that, despite of the difficulties that have been found, the investigate approach is a relevant alternative to classical methods to protein structure determination.

Analyzing protein tertiary structure is an effective method to understanding protein function. In my thesis study, I aimed to understand how surface features of protein can affect the stability and specificity of enzymes. I focus on 2 proteins that are involved in human disease, Profilin (PFN1) and APOBEC3A (A3A). When these proteins are functioning correctly, PFN1 modulates actin dynamics and A3A inhibits retroviral replication. However, mutations in PFN1 are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) while the over expression of A3A are associated with the development of cancer. Currently, the pathological mechanism of PFN1 in this fatal disease is unknown and although it is known that the sequence context for mutating DNA vary among A3s, the mechanism for substrate sequence specificity is not well understood. To understand how the mutations in Profilin could lead to ALS, I solved the structure of WT and 2 ALS-related mutants of PFN1. Our collaborators demonstrated that ALS-linked mutations severely destabilize the native conformation of PFN1 in vitro and cause accelerated turnover of the PFN1 protein in cells. This mutation-induced destabilization can account for the high propensity of ALS-linked variants to aggregate and also provides rationale for their reported loss-of-function phenotypes in cell-based assays. The source of this destabilization was illuminated by my X-ray crystal structures of several PFN1 proteins. I found an expanded cavity near the protein core of the destabilized M114T variant. In contrast, the E117G mutation only modestly perturbs the structure and stability of PFN1, an observation that reconciles the occurrence of this mutation in the control population. These findings suggest that a destabilized form of PFN1 underlies PFN1-mediated ALS pathogenesis. To characterize A3A’s substrate specificity, we solved the structure of apo and bound A3A. I then used a systematic approach to quantify affinity for substrate as a function of sequence context, pH and substrate secondary structure. I found that A3A preferred ssDNA binding motif is T/CTCA/G, and that A3A can bind RNA in a sequence specific manner. The affinity for substrate increased with a decrease in pH. Furthermore, A3A binds tighter to its substrate binding motif when in the loop region of folded nucleic acid compared to a linear sequence. This result suggests that the structure of DNA, and not just its chemical identity, modulates A3 affinity and specificity for substrate.

Les résultats ont été obtenus avec le logiciel "Insight-2" de Accelris (San Diego, CA) / En 2000, les structures à hautes résolutions des deux sous-unités ribosomiques ont finalement été mises à la disposition du public. L'année suivante, la structure aux rayons X de l'ensemble du ribosome bactérien a été publiée. Ces grandes réalisations ont ouvert une nouvelle ère dans l'étude des mécanismes de la synthèse des protéines. Dès lors, il est devenu possible de relier différents aspects de la fonction du ribosome à des éléments particuliers de sa structure tertiaire. L'établissement de la relation structure-fonction peut toutefois être problématique en raison de l'immense complexité de la structure du ribosome. En d'autres termes, pour que les données cristallographiques sur la structure tertiaire du ribosome soient vraiment utiles à la compréhension du fonctionnement du ribosome, ces données devraient elles-mêmes faire l'objet d'une analyse approfondie. Le travail, présenté ici, peut être vu comme une tentative de ce genre. En appliquant l’analyse systématique des structure cristallographiques du ribosome disponibles, nous avons essayé de résoudre deux problèmes fondamentaux de la biologie ribosomale concernant (1) la nature des réarrangements du ribosome qui ont lieu à différentes étapes de son cycle de fonctionnement et (2) la possibilité de reconstitution de l'évolution du ribosome du monde-à-ARN jusqu’à nos jours. Dans le premier projet, nous avons systématiquement comparé les structures du ribosome disponibles et de sa sous-unité afin d'identifier les domaines rigides, qui ont toujours la même conformation, et les régions flexibles dont la conformation peut varier d'une structure de ribosome à une autre. Il y a deux types de réarrangements structuraux connus dont nous voulions comprendre les mécanismes: le « ratchet-like movement » et la «fermeture de domaines ». Le premier a lieu au cours de la translocation du ribosome et est plus ou moins perçu comme une rotation d'une sous-unité par rapport à l'autre. Le deuxième se produit dans la petite sous-unité et est associé à la reconnaissance codon-anticodon au site A. La comparaison des conformations ribosomales disponibles a révélé les mécanismes spécifiques des deux réarrangements. Bien que la sélection de l'aminoacyl-ARNt appropriée au site A et la translocation du ribosome n'ont jamais été considérés comme ayant quelque chose en commun, nous démontrons ici que les réarrangements de la structure des ribosomes associés au premier processus répète les réarrangements associés au deuxième mais dans l’ordre inverse. En d'autres termes, pendant le cycle d'élongation, la fermeture de domaine et le « ratchet » peuvent ii être considérés comme un mouvement de va-et-vient, qui renvoie finalement le ribosome à sa conformation initiale. Dans le second projet, nous avons fait une tentative de reconstitution de l'évolution de l'ARNr 23S, du monde-à-ARN jusqu`à nos jours. Ici nous nous sommes basés sur la supposition que l'évolution de cette molécule a procédé par des insertions aléatoires des régions relativement courtes dans différentes parties de la chaîne poly-nucléotidique. Pour cela, nous avons élaboré des critères de l'intégrité de la structure ribosomale et présumé que lors de l'évolution, la structure du ribosome s’est toujours adaptée à ces standards. Nous avons examiné l'interaction de type A-mineur, un arrangement fréquent dans la structure de l’ARN ribosomique, constitué d'un empilement d’adénosines non-appariées, attachées à une double hélice. Nous avons supposé que dans toutes les interactions A-mineurs existantes dans le ribosome, la double hélice est apparue avant ou au moins simultanément avec la pile d’adénosines correspondantes. L'application systématique de ce principe à la structure tertiaire de l’ARN 23S a permis d'élucider de manière progressive l'ordre dans lequel les parties différentes de l’ARN 23S ont rejoint la structure. Pris ensemble, les deux projets démontrent l'efficacité de l'analyse systématique in-silico de la structure tertiaire du ribosome et ouvrent la voie à de futures découvertes. / In the year 2000, the first high-resolution structures of the individual ribosomal subunits became available to the public. The following year, the X-ray structure of the complete bacterial ribosome was published. These major achievements opened a new era in studying the mechanisms of protein synthesis. From then on, it became possible to attribute different aspects of the ribosome function to particular elements of its tertiary structure. However, establishing the structure-function relationships is problematic due to the immense complexity of the ribosome structure. In other words, in order to make the crystallographic data on the ribosome tertiary structure really useful for understanding of how the ribosome functions, it must be thoroughly analyzed. Here, based on systematic analysis of the available X-ray conformations of the ribosome we have tried to resolve two fundamental problems of the ribosome biology: concerning (1) the nature of rearrangements in the ribosome that take place at different steps of its functional cycle, and (2) the reconstruction of the ribosome evolution from the RNA world to present time. In the first project, we systematically compared the available structures of the ribosome and its subunits to identify rigid domains, which always have the same conformation, and flexible regions, where the conformation can vary from one ribosome structure to another. There were two known types of structural rearrangements whose mechanisms we wanted to understand: the ratchet-like motion and the so-called domain closure. The ratchet-like motion takes place during the ribosomal translocation and is roughly seen as a rotation of one subunit with respect to the other. The domain closure occurs in the small subunit and is associated with the cognate codon-anticodon recognition in the A-site. Comparison of the available ribosome conformations revealed the detailed mechanisms of both rearrangements. Although the selection of the cognate amino-acyl-tRNA in the A-site and of the ribosomal translocation have never been thought to have anything in common, we demonstrate that the rearrangements in the ribosome structure associated with the first process repeat in reverse order the rearrangements associated with the second process. In other words, during the ribosome elongation cycle, the domain closure and the ratchet-like motion can be seen as a back-and-forth movement, which eventually returns the ribosome to the initial conformation. iv In the second project, we attempted to reconstruct the evolution of the 23S rRNA from the RNA world to present time based on the presumption that the evolutionary expansion of this molecule proceeded though random insertions of relatively short regions into different regions of the polynucleotide chain. We developed criteria for integrity of the ribosome structure and presumed that during the evolutionary expansion, the ribosome structure always matched to these standards. For this, we specifically considered the A-minor interaction, a frequent arrangement in the rRNA structure consisting of a stack of unpaired adenosines tightly attached to a double helix. We presumed that in all A-minor interactions present in the ribosome, the double helix emerged before or at least simultaneously with the corresponding adenosine stack. The systematic application of this principle to the known tertiary structure of the 23S rRNA allowed us to elucidate in a step-vise manner the order in which different part of the modern 23S rRNA joined the structure. Taken together, the two projects demonstrate the effectiveness of the systematic in-silico analysis of the ribosome tertiary structure and pave the way for future discoveries.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T17:38:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alexandre Barbosa de Almeida - 2016.pdf: 11943401 bytes, checksum: 94f2e941bbde05e098c40f40f0f2f69c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T11:57:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alexandre Barbosa de Almeida - 2016.pdf: 11943401 bytes, checksum: 94f2e941bbde05e098c40f40f0f2f69c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T11:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alexandre Barbosa de Almeida - 2016.pdf: 11943401 bytes, checksum: 94f2e941bbde05e098c40f40f0f2f69c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Proteins are vital for the biological functions of all living beings on Earth. However, they only have an active biological function in their native structure, which is a state of minimum energy. Therefore, protein functionality depends almost exclusively on the size and shape of its native conformation. However, less than 1% of all known proteins in the world has its structure solved. In this way, various methods for determining protein structures have been proposed, either in vitro or in silico experiments. This work proposes a new in silico method called Monte Carlo with Dominance, which addresses the problem of protein structure prediction from the point of view of ab initio and multi-objective optimization, considering both protein energetic and structural aspects. The software GROMACS was used for the ab initio treatment to perform Molecular Dynamics simulations, while the framework ProtPred-GROMACS (2PG) was used for the multi-objective optimization problem, employing genetic algorithms techniques as heuristic solutions. Monte Carlo with Dominance, in this sense, is like a variant of the traditional Monte Carlo Metropolis method. The aim is to check if protein tertiary structure prediction is improved when structural aspects are taken into account. The energy criterion of Metropolis and energy and structural criteria of Dominance were compared using RMSD calculation between the predicted and native structures. It was found that Monte Carlo with Dominance obtained better solutions for two of three proteins analyzed, reaching a difference about 53% in relation to the prediction by Metropolis. / As proteínas são vitais para as funções biológicas de todos os seres na Terra. Entretanto, somente apresentam função biológica ativa quando encontram-se em sua estrutura nativa, que é o seu estado de mínima energia. Portanto, a funcionalidade de uma proteína depende, quase que exclusivamente, do tamanho e da forma de sua conformação nativa. Porém, de todas as proteínas conhecidas no mundo, menos de 1% tem a sua estrutura resolvida. Deste modo, vários métodos de determinação de estruturas de proteínas têm sido propostos, tanto para experimentos in vitro quanto in silico. Este trabalho propõe um novo método in silico denominado Monte Carlo com Dominância, o qual aborda o problema da predição de estrutura de proteínas sob o ponto de vista ab initio e de otimização multiobjetivo, considerando, simultaneamente, os aspectos energéticos e estruturais da proteína. Para o tratamento ab initio utiliza-se o software GROMACS para executar as simulações de Dinâmica Molecular, enquanto que para o problema da otimização multiobjetivo emprega-se o framework ProtPred-GROMACS (2PG), o qual utiliza algoritmos genéticos como técnica de soluções heurísticas. O Monte Carlo com Dominância, nesse sentido, é como uma variante do tradicional método de Monte Carlo Metropolis. Assim, o objetivo é o de verificar se a predição da estrutura terciária de proteínas é aprimorada levando-se em conta também os aspectos estruturais. O critério energético de Metropolis e os critérios energéticos e estruturais da Dominância foram comparados empregando o cálculo de RMSD entre as estruturas preditas e as nativas. Foi verificado que o método de Monte Carlo com Dominância obteve melhores soluções para duas de três proteínas analisadas, chegando a cerca de 53% de diferença da predição por Metropolis.

En 2000, les structures à hautes résolutions des deux sous-unités ribosomiques ont finalement été mises à la disposition du public. L'année suivante, la structure aux rayons X de l'ensemble du ribosome bactérien a été publiée. Ces grandes réalisations ont ouvert une nouvelle ère dans l'étude des mécanismes de la synthèse des protéines. Dès lors, il est devenu possible de relier différents aspects de la fonction du ribosome à des éléments particuliers de sa structure tertiaire. L'établissement de la relation structure-fonction peut toutefois être problématique en raison de l'immense complexité de la structure du ribosome. En d'autres termes, pour que les données cristallographiques sur la structure tertiaire du ribosome soient vraiment utiles à la compréhension du fonctionnement du ribosome, ces données devraient elles-mêmes faire l'objet d'une analyse approfondie. Le travail, présenté ici, peut être vu comme une tentative de ce genre. En appliquant l’analyse systématique des structure cristallographiques du ribosome disponibles, nous avons essayé de résoudre deux problèmes fondamentaux de la biologie ribosomale concernant (1) la nature des réarrangements du ribosome qui ont lieu à différentes étapes de son cycle de fonctionnement et (2) la possibilité de reconstitution de l'évolution du ribosome du monde-à-ARN jusqu’à nos jours. Dans le premier projet, nous avons systématiquement comparé les structures du ribosome disponibles et de sa sous-unité afin d'identifier les domaines rigides, qui ont toujours la même conformation, et les régions flexibles dont la conformation peut varier d'une structure de ribosome à une autre. Il y a deux types de réarrangements structuraux connus dont nous voulions comprendre les mécanismes: le « ratchet-like movement » et la «fermeture de domaines ». Le premier a lieu au cours de la translocation du ribosome et est plus ou moins perçu comme une rotation d'une sous-unité par rapport à l'autre. Le deuxième se produit dans la petite sous-unité et est associé à la reconnaissance codon-anticodon au site A. La comparaison des conformations ribosomales disponibles a révélé les mécanismes spécifiques des deux réarrangements. Bien que la sélection de l'aminoacyl-ARNt appropriée au site A et la translocation du ribosome n'ont jamais été considérés comme ayant quelque chose en commun, nous démontrons ici que les réarrangements de la structure des ribosomes associés au premier processus répète les réarrangements associés au deuxième mais dans l’ordre inverse. En d'autres termes, pendant le cycle d'élongation, la fermeture de domaine et le « ratchet » peuvent ii être considérés comme un mouvement de va-et-vient, qui renvoie finalement le ribosome à sa conformation initiale. Dans le second projet, nous avons fait une tentative de reconstitution de l'évolution de l'ARNr 23S, du monde-à-ARN jusqu`à nos jours. Ici nous nous sommes basés sur la supposition que l'évolution de cette molécule a procédé par des insertions aléatoires des régions relativement courtes dans différentes parties de la chaîne poly-nucléotidique. Pour cela, nous avons élaboré des critères de l'intégrité de la structure ribosomale et présumé que lors de l'évolution, la structure du ribosome s’est toujours adaptée à ces standards. Nous avons examiné l'interaction de type A-mineur, un arrangement fréquent dans la structure de l’ARN ribosomique, constitué d'un empilement d’adénosines non-appariées, attachées à une double hélice. Nous avons supposé que dans toutes les interactions A-mineurs existantes dans le ribosome, la double hélice est apparue avant ou au moins simultanément avec la pile d’adénosines correspondantes. L'application systématique de ce principe à la structure tertiaire de l’ARN 23S a permis d'élucider de manière progressive l'ordre dans lequel les parties différentes de l’ARN 23S ont rejoint la structure. Pris ensemble, les deux projets démontrent l'efficacité de l'analyse systématique in-silico de la structure tertiaire du ribosome et ouvrent la voie à de futures découvertes. / In the year 2000, the first high-resolution structures of the individual ribosomal subunits became available to the public. The following year, the X-ray structure of the complete bacterial ribosome was published. These major achievements opened a new era in studying the mechanisms of protein synthesis. From then on, it became possible to attribute different aspects of the ribosome function to particular elements of its tertiary structure. However, establishing the structure-function relationships is problematic due to the immense complexity of the ribosome structure. In other words, in order to make the crystallographic data on the ribosome tertiary structure really useful for understanding of how the ribosome functions, it must be thoroughly analyzed. Here, based on systematic analysis of the available X-ray conformations of the ribosome we have tried to resolve two fundamental problems of the ribosome biology: concerning (1) the nature of rearrangements in the ribosome that take place at different steps of its functional cycle, and (2) the reconstruction of the ribosome evolution from the RNA world to present time. In the first project, we systematically compared the available structures of the ribosome and its subunits to identify rigid domains, which always have the same conformation, and flexible regions, where the conformation can vary from one ribosome structure to another. There were two known types of structural rearrangements whose mechanisms we wanted to understand: the ratchet-like motion and the so-called domain closure. The ratchet-like motion takes place during the ribosomal translocation and is roughly seen as a rotation of one subunit with respect to the other. The domain closure occurs in the small subunit and is associated with the cognate codon-anticodon recognition in the A-site. Comparison of the available ribosome conformations revealed the detailed mechanisms of both rearrangements. Although the selection of the cognate amino-acyl-tRNA in the A-site and of the ribosomal translocation have never been thought to have anything in common, we demonstrate that the rearrangements in the ribosome structure associated with the first process repeat in reverse order the rearrangements associated with the second process. In other words, during the ribosome elongation cycle, the domain closure and the ratchet-like motion can be seen as a back-and-forth movement, which eventually returns the ribosome to the initial conformation. iv In the second project, we attempted to reconstruct the evolution of the 23S rRNA from the RNA world to present time based on the presumption that the evolutionary expansion of this molecule proceeded though random insertions of relatively short regions into different regions of the polynucleotide chain. We developed criteria for integrity of the ribosome structure and presumed that during the evolutionary expansion, the ribosome structure always matched to these standards. For this, we specifically considered the A-minor interaction, a frequent arrangement in the rRNA structure consisting of a stack of unpaired adenosines tightly attached to a double helix. We presumed that in all A-minor interactions present in the ribosome, the double helix emerged before or at least simultaneously with the corresponding adenosine stack. The systematic application of this principle to the known tertiary structure of the 23S rRNA allowed us to elucidate in a step-vise manner the order in which different part of the modern 23S rRNA joined the structure. Taken together, the two projects demonstrate the effectiveness of the systematic in-silico analysis of the ribosome tertiary structure and pave the way for future discoveries. / Les résultats ont été obtenus avec le logiciel "Insight-2" de Accelris (San Diego, CA)

The goal of this thesis is test and comparation of the offline tools for prediction of protein structure and creation of metaprediktor, which allows the user to select the appropriate tool, according to given parameters. Testing tool is based on a dataset of proteins, which is based on the SCOP database and it is trying to be as balanced as possible to include proteins from different families and thus could best evaluate individual tools. The results of this thesis are requirements of metaprediktor and also which data and settings can be allowed and processed and how it will be implemented.

This work deals with proteins, especially with their structure and kinds of tertiary, or 3D, structure prediction. Tertiary structure prediction is very important for function prediction of this vitally important substance. Bioinformatics do this prediction much more effective and faster, because classical methods of structure prediction directly from molecule are very expensive and slow. On the other hand they are much more exact. Objective of this thesis is to describe tertiary structure prediction methods, describe used tools and possibility of automatic communication with them.  Next objective is describe implementation of server, that will serve to protein engineers for more effective finding of information about tertiary structure from more servers without requesting each of them separately. Results of testing will be described in this work too.

Protein sequences contain the information in order for a protein to fold to a unique compact, three-dimensional native structure. The forces that drive protein structures to form compact folds are largely dominated by burial of hydrophobic amino acids, which results in non-specific packing of amino acid side-chains. The knob-socket model attempts to organize side-chain packing into tetrahedral packing motifs. This tetrahedral motif is characterized with a three residues on the same secondary structure forming the base of the tetrahedron packing with a side-chain from a separate secondary structure. The base of the motif is termed the socket, and the other side-chain is called the knob. Here, we focus on extending the knob-socket model to understand tertiary and quaternary structure. First, single knobs sometimes pack into more than one socket in real structures. We focus on understanding the topology and amino acid preferences of these tertiary packing surfaces. The main results from the study of tertiary packing surfaces is that they have a preferred handedness, some interactions are ancillary to the packing interaction, there are specific amino preferences for specific positions in packing surfaces, and there is no relationship between side-chain rotamer of the knob packing into the tertiary packing surface. Next, we examine the application of the knob-socket to irregular and mixed packing in protein structure. The main conclusions from these efforts show canonical packing modes between secondary structures and highlight the important of coil secondary structure in providing many of the knobs for packing. Third, we investigate protein quaternary structure with a clique analysis of side-chain interactions. We identify a possible pseudo knob-socket interaction, and compare knob-socket interactions between tertiary and quaternary structure. Lastly, we discuss the workflow used in CASP12 to predict side-chain contacts and atomic coordinates of proteins.