La vie sur Terre est rendue possible grâce au rideau protecteur que <br />constitue l'atmosphère. Avec sa masse équivalente à dix mètres d'eau, <br />l'atmosphère est une condition préalable à l'apparition de la vie. <br />Mais ce rideau rend la vie difficile aux astronomes qui préféreraient <br />avoir une vue directe sur l'Univers. Il est donc indispensable de <br />caractériser et de spécifier les conditions atmosphériques qui <br />permettent la meilleure utilisation des systèmes d'optiques <br />adaptatives et des interféromètres - les interféromètres, dont le <br />potentiel est ici illustré à travers les observations d'un système de <br />trois étoiles, delta Velorum.<br /><br />Le temps de cohérence de la turbulence est un paramètre essentiel qui <br />détermine la sensibilité des interféromètres et la performance des <br />systèmes d'optiques adaptatives. Il existe plusieurs instruments qui <br />mesurent le temps de cohérence ou des paramètres reliés, mais tous <br />ces instruments ont des limitations intrinsèques:<br />ou bien ils nécessitent de grands télescopes, ou bien l'analyse des <br />données est complexe, ou encore la méthode n'est sensible qu'à une <br />partie de la turbulence. C'est pourquoi les campagnes de tests de <br />sites et de monitoring reposent principalement sur la mesure du <br />seeing, avec des instruments comme le Differential Image Motion <br />Monitor, DIMM.<br /><br />Pour palier ce manque, nous avons proposé un instrument pour mesurer <br />le temps de cohérence: le Fast Defocus Monitor, FADE. La méthode <br />consiste à transformer l'image d'une étoile, à travers un petit <br />télescope de 0.35m de diamètre, en un anneau fin. La turbulence cause <br />alors des variations temporelles du rayon de l'anneau, dont la <br />vitesse et l'amplitude sont reliées au temps de cohérence et au <br />seeing. Cette méthode est présentée ici avec les résultats de <br />premières observations.

Avec l’avènement de la prochaine génération de télescope de plus de 30m de diamètre, il devient primordial de réduire le coût des observations et d’améliorer leur rendement scientifique. De plus il est essentiel de construire ces instruments sur des sites disposant d’une qualité optique maximale. J’ai donc essayé, au cours de ma thèse, de développer un outil fiable, facile d’utilisation et économique permettant de satisfaire ces exigences. J’ai donc utilisé le modèle de prévision météorologique Weather Research and Forecasting et le modèle de calcul de la turbulence optique Trinquet-Vernin pour prédire, plusieurs heures à l’avance, les conditions optiques du ciel tout au long de la nuit. Cette information permettrait d’améliorer la gestion du programme d’observation, appelée "flexible scheduling", et ainsi de réduire les pertes dues à la variation des conditions atmosphériques. Les résultats obtenus et les améliorations apportées au modèle WRF-TV lui permettent de présenter un bon accord entre les mesures et les prévisions ce qui est prometteur pour une utilisation réelle. Au delà de cette gestion, nous avons voulu créer un moyen d’améliorer la recherche et le test de sites astronomiquement intéressants. Nous avons donc définit un paramètre de qualité qui prend en compte les conditions météorologiques et optiques. Ce paramètre a été testé au-dessus de l’île de La Palma aux Canaries et a montré que l’Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos est situé au meilleur emplacement de l’île. Enfin nous avons créé une routine d’automatisation du modèle WRF-TV afin d’avoir un outil opérationnel fonctionnant de manière autonome. / With the next generation of extremely large telescope having mirror with a diameter larger than 30m, it becomes essential to reduce the cost of observations and to improve their scientific efficiency. Moreover it is fundamental to build these huge infrastructures in location having the best possible optical quality. The purpose of my thesis is to bring a solution easier and more economical than before. I used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Trinquet-Vernin parametrization, which computes the values of the optical turbulence, to forecast a couple of hours in advance the evolution of the sky optical quality along the coming night. This information would improve the management of observation program, called "flexible scheduling", and thereby reduce losses due to the atmospheric variations. Our results and improvements allow the model us WRF-TV to have a good agreement between previsions and in-situ measurements in different sites, which is promising for a real use in an observatory. Beyond the flexible scheduling, we wanted to create a tool to improve the search for new sites or site testing for already existing sites. Therefore we defined a quality parameter which takes into account meteorological conditions (wind, humidity, precipitable water vapor) and optical conditions (seeing, coherence time, isoplanatic angle). This parameter has been tested above La Palma in Canary island showing that the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos is located close to the best possible location of the island. Finally we created an automated program to use WRF-TV model in order to have an operational tool working routinely.

Theme of the diploma thesis is technical report of the technological project for apartment building AB – Maple district II Prague, which will be realized on Mantovska street, on the plot 539/39 in the district of Horní Měcholupy. For object AB is proccesed technical report of the technological project, studies of realization main technological phases, solution of wider transport relations with a focus on building supply , objects time and financial plan, time schedule, project for site facilities with drawing of five main technological phases, design of main construction machines and mechanisms, technological specification for realization of monolithic reinforced concrete of roughly lower and upper construction, including „white tank“, which forms a peripheral structure of lower construction, balance of workers and main machines, inspection and test plan for constructions from technological specification. As other assignment I make a itemized budget for rough construction, selected points of LEED certification, instructions for using a housing unit and plan of Safety and Helth protection during work.

Subject of this diploma thesis is the construction and technological solutions to the main building of biotechnology and biomedicine centre in Vestec. The aim of a thesis is to propose time, technical and technological construction processes of construction. The content of a thesis is the project of site equipment, time and financial plan of construction, assembly machines, studies of realization main technological phase, inspection and test plan for plasterboard partition, technological regulations for plasterboard partition, metal facade and contact insulation system ETICS.

The subject of this thesis the construction and technological preparation for the construction of the bridge ev.č. 377-007 across the Býkovka river in the municipality Rájec - Jestřebí, which is part of the reconstruction of a main road II / 377 Bořitov - Rájec. The thesis is elaborated a technical report on the structural and technological project, coordinating construction situation, the situation with wider relationships routes following the stages, time and financial plan – by objects, study the implementation of major technological stages of the building SO203 project site equipment, design of the main construction machines and mechanisms, the timetable of the main building structure, workers deployment plan, plan of machines usage, a plan for securing material resources for SO 203, technological regulation for the implementation of bored piles of, inspection and test plan for pilots, budget SO 203, sequence diagram construction, control and monitoring plan and calculation of bearing capacity of the bridge foundation piles.

Theme of the diploma thesis is technical report of the technological project for apartment building Hroznatova – Brno - Zidenice, which will be realized on Hroznatova street. For object I prepare technical report of the technological project, studies of realization main technological phases, solution of wider transport relations, objects time and financial plan, time schedule, project for site facilities with drawing of four main technological phases, design of the main construction machines and mechanisms, technological specification for realization of horizontal monolithic reinforced concrete ceiling construction, health and safety solutions for the solved construction, where I evaluate concreting ceilings, balance of workers and main machines, inspection and test plan for constructions from technological specification. As other assignment I make a itemized budget for Etics and ceiling construction, calculation according to THU and comparative truck crane with tower crane.

Theme of the diploma thesis is technical report of the technological project for apartment building Hroznatova – Brno - Zidenice, which will be realized on Hroznatova street. For object I prepare technical report of the technological project, studies of realization main technological phases, solution of wider transport relations, objects time and financial plan, time schedule, project for site facilities with drawing of four main technological phases, design of the main construction machines and mechanisms, technological specification for realization of horizontal monolithic reinforced concrete ceiling construction, health and safety solutions for the solved construction, where I evaluate concreting ceilings, balance of workers and main machines, inspection and test plan for constructions from technological specification. As other assignment I make a itemized budget for Etics and ceiling construction, calculation according to THU and comparative truck crane with tower crane.