The aim of the diploma thesis is to clarify the topic of calibration samples used in eddy current testing on equipment in nuclear energy. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis is focused on the eddy current testing method, which belongs to the technology of non-destructive defectoscopy. This part of the work describes the principle of the method, its scope, limitations and dividing of sensors used in this test method. The work briefly describes the physical principle of the laser, its types and operating modes. The practical part of the work is focused on the production of a calibration samples by laser. Another point of the work is the comparison of data obtained from eddy current measurements on samples made by laser and on calibration samples used in practice.

<p>This Master Thesis was conducted at Octapharma AB in Stockholm.</p><p>Anticomplementary activity (ACA) is a measure of the product’s abilities to activate the complement system. IgG aggregates are mainly responsible for this activation. Two different performances of a method for determination of ACA in Octagam^® are available. The two performances are based on the reference method for test of ACA in immunoglobulins in the European Pharmacopoeia Commission Guideline 6.0 (chapter 2.6.17). The method is carried out either in test tubes or on microtiter plates. The test tube method can be performed either in a manual manner or modified, being more automated. The latter performance has been applied in this study. The plate method is more automated than both of the tube methods. The plate method and the manual tube method have earlier seemed to result in different outcomes, which was the basis for this thesis.</p><p>The plate method and the modified test tube method have been compared and robustness parameters have been studied in order to see which factors influence on the end result. The adequacy of using Human Biological Reference Preparation (human BRP) as a control for the ACA method in general has also been investigated. Samples of the product are outside the scope of this thesis and have not been investigated.</p><p>According to this study, the plate method and the modified tube method are not comparable with regard to complement titration results and to ACA of the BRP control. A higher precision is gained with the plate method. This in combination with the higher degree of automation makes the plate method advantageous in several aspects. When it comes to the robustness of the ACA method in general, the sheep red blood cells (SRBC) used are critical. Haemolysin dilution and complement activity seem to be critical as well.</p><p>Human BRP is, according to this study more adequate as a reference for the plate method than for the tube method. An In house control is believed to be more representative to the ACA method in general as it is of the same nature as the samples analysed, in contrast to the human BRP.</p>

The first goal of this dissertation is to investigate the status of the fetus in Swedish law. The second goal is to contribute to the debate concerning attitudes toward mankind, attitudes toward the fetus, and the value of human life as these are expressed in our everyday concepts of law. The tbird goal is to contribute to greater uniformity in the future in the laws which touch upon human beings in the early phases of life (the fertilized egg, the blastula and the fetus). The study is based on an analysis of printed official government documents and records, instructions, motions, bills, minutes of the Riksdag, replies to official queries from experts and affected parties, and laws and government studies made prior to the drafting of legislation, such as SOU and Ds. The areas of the law which are analyzed include (i) the Abortion Act, (ii) the Transplant Act, (iii) the Act concerning Measures for Purposes of Research or Treatment Involving Fertilized Human Ova (LBÄ), (iv) the Act on the Treatment of Alcoholics and Drug Abusers (LVM) in certain cases, (v) the Inheritance Code, (vi) the National Registration Act, and (vii) the Burial Legislation. There are divergent views of the fetus in the various laws and statutes. This is partly due to the dissimilar purposes of the different laws, and partly due to the fact that the fetus is seldom or never the actual subject of these laws. The laws have also come into being at different points in time. The result is that the fetus is not regarded in the same way legally and morally in the divergent laws and statutes. In the conclusion the acceptability of these discrepancies is discussed. Special attention is paid to the debate concerning the underlying values. the divergence among them, and the extent to which such differences are acceptable. Finally, a discussion follows about what might be done, which leads into an appeal for an unbiased study of the need for uniform legal protection for the fetus in Swedish law.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’instrumenter un contenant familier dans le domaine du biomédical et de la chimie (un tube à essai) avec des éléments piézoélectriques à ondes longitudinales (L) et d’implémenter, en les optimisant, diverses méthodes ultrasonores pour mesurer les viscosités rapidement, sans changer de banc de mesure et cela de quelques Hz à plusieurs dizaines de mégahertz au voisinage de la température ambiante. Grâce au système mis en place il est possible en quelques minutes de déterminer le comportement rhéologique du liquide, étudié en mesurant sa viscosité de cisaillement. Par ailleurs, la gamme de viscosité atteinte est extrêmement large puisque les mesures sont possibles de quelques dizaines de mPa.s à plusieurs centaines de Pa.s. Enfin, au-delà de résultats quantitatifs en terme de viscosité, le banc de mesure peut être aussi utilisé pour suivre de façon qualitative des cinétiques de réaction (polymérisation par exemple). / The main goal of this thesis is to set specific piezoelectric elements emitting longitudinal waves (L) on a well-known container in the field of biomedical and chemistry (a test tube) and to implement with some optimizations various ultrasonic methods to measure viscosities quickly, without changing the measurement bench. The measurement has to be done from a few Hz to several tens of megahertz around room temperature. Up to now it is possible to determine in a few minutes the rheological behavior of the liquid studied thanks to the evaluation of its shear viscosity. Furthermore, the viscosity range reached is extremely wide: the measurements are possible from a few tens of mPa.s to several hundred Pa.s. Finally, beyond quantitative results in terms of viscosity, the measurement bench can also be used to qualitatively monitor reactions (polymerization for example).

This Master Thesis was conducted at Octapharma AB in Stockholm. Anticomplementary activity (ACA) is a measure of the product’s abilities to activate the complement system. IgG aggregates are mainly responsible for this activation. Two different performances of a method for determination of ACA in Octagam® are available. The two performances are based on the reference method for test of ACA in immunoglobulins in the European Pharmacopoeia Commission Guideline 6.0 (chapter 2.6.17). The method is carried out either in test tubes or on microtiter plates. The test tube method can be performed either in a manual manner or modified, being more automated. The latter performance has been applied in this study. The plate method is more automated than both of the tube methods. The plate method and the manual tube method have earlier seemed to result in different outcomes, which was the basis for this thesis. The plate method and the modified test tube method have been compared and robustness parameters have been studied in order to see which factors influence on the end result. The adequacy of using Human Biological Reference Preparation (human BRP) as a control for the ACA method in general has also been investigated. Samples of the product are outside the scope of this thesis and have not been investigated. According to this study, the plate method and the modified tube method are not comparable with regard to complement titration results and to ACA of the BRP control. A higher precision is gained with the plate method. This in combination with the higher degree of automation makes the plate method advantageous in several aspects. When it comes to the robustness of the ACA method in general, the sheep red blood cells (SRBC) used are critical. Haemolysin dilution and complement activity seem to be critical as well. Human BRP is, according to this study more adequate as a reference for the plate method than for the tube method. An In house control is believed to be more representative to the ACA method in general as it is of the same nature as the samples analysed, in contrast to the human BRP.