The use of minocycline for the treatment of a broad range of systemic infections and for severe acne has been associated with vestibular side effects. The severity of side effects may lead to poor adherence to therapy by patients. The use of sustained release formulations of minocycline that display slow dissolution of minocycline following administration may be beneficial in reducing the incidence and severity of side effects. Therefore, sustained release capsule dosage forms containing 100 mg minocycline (base) were manufactured and assessed for use as sustained release oral dosage forms of minocycline. Minocycline sustained release capsules were manufactured based on matrix technologies using hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and Compritol® as release retarding polymers. The rate and extent of minocycline release from the capsules was evaluated using USP Apparatus 1 and samples were analysed using a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Differences in the rate and extent of minocycline release from formulations manufactured using HPMC or Compritol® were influenced by the concentration of polymer used in the formulations. The rate and extent of minocycline release was faster and greater when low concentrations of polymer were used in formulations. The effect of different excipients on the release pattern(s) of minocycline and particularly their potential to optimise minocycline release from experimental formulations was investigated. The use of diluents such as lactose and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) revealed that lactose facilitated minocycline release when HPMC was used as the polymer matrix. In contrast, the use of lactose as diluent resulted in slower release of minocycline from Compritol® based formulations. The addition of sodium starch glycolate to HPMC based formulations resulted in slower release of minocycline than when no sodium starch glycolate was used. Compritol® based formulations were observed to release minocycline faster following addition of sodium starch glycolate and Poloxamer 188 to experimental formulations. In vitro dissolution profiles were compared to a target or reference profile using the difference and similarity factors, ƒ1 and ƒ2 , and a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, the mechanism of minocycline release was elucidated following fitting of dissolution data to the Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi and Zero order models. Minocycline release kinetics were best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and the values of the release exponent, n (italics), revealed that drug release was a result of the combined effects of minocycline diffusion through matrices and erosion of the matrices. These in vitro dissolution profiles were better fit to the Higuchi model than to the Zero order model. Two formulations that displayed a fit to the Zero order model were identified for further studies as potential dosage forms for sustained release minocycline.

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A alveolite seca é uma das complicações pós-operatórias mais comuns e sintomáticas na exodontia, porém, até o momento não possui um protocolo de tratamento definido. A oxitetraciclina (OTC) é um antibiótico de amplo espectro utilizado no tratamento de múltiplas infecções. Entretanto, nos últimos anos as tetraciclinas de primeira geração, tais como a OTC, têm sido evitadas devido ao surgimento de microrganismos resistentes. Afortunadamente, nos últimos anos tem se observado uma tendência contrária graças às medidas de controle no uso de antibióticos. Sistemas de liberação controlada podem evitar o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana e diminuir o risco de efeitos adversos. Este estudo teve como objetivo preparar uma nanofibra polimérica de policaprolactona e oxitetraciclina (PCL/OTC), e ainda avaliar suas propriedades físicas e biológicas in vitro e in vivo, visando seu futuro uso no tratamento da alveolite seca. As nanofibras poliméricas carregadas com OTC foram preparadas pelo sistema de eletrofiação, caracterizadas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e avaliadas sobre seu perfil de liberação do fármaco. A atividade antibacteriana da nanofibra sobre um biofilme misto de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermédia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus sanguis e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans foi analisada mediante a contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias viáveis após os tempos de contato de 1, 4, 24, 30 e 48 h. O processo de reparo alveolar induzido pela nanofibra PCL/OTC foi avaliado de forma histomorfológica e histomorfométrica após o tratamento da alveolite seca em molares de ratos, e comparado ao tratamento com nanofibras de PCL pura e Alvogyl®, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a exodontia. Finalmente, foi realizada a identificação e contagem de osteoclastos através da marcação da fosfatase ácida resistente ao tartarato (TRAP), nos mesmos tempos de avaliação. As nanofibras PCL/OTC apresentaram orientação randômica em camadas e morfologia multiforme. O perfil de liberação do sistema apresentou um efeito de explosão nas primeiras 8 horas, seguido por um período de liberação lenta e prolongada da OTC. A nanofibra PCL/OTC (132 ?g de OTC/mL) reduziu mais de 50% das colônias do biofilme nas primeiras horas de liberação, seguido por um período de manutenção em que a porcentagem de colônias bacterianas permaneceu baixa. O grupo tratado com PCL/OTC apresentou a maior porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo no 7º dia (p<0,05) e maior porcentagem de osso neoformado no 14º e 21º dias após a exodontia (p<0,05), em comparação aos outros grupos. O tratamento de alveolite seca com a fibra PCL/OTC permitiu a regeneração tecidual do alvéolo quase em sua totalidade até o 21º dia, sendo que a cronologia de regeneração tecidual com este material foi mais rápida do que com a fibra de PCL pura, e esta última mais rápida que do que o controle positivo Alvogyl®. O grupo PCL/OTC apresentou uma quantidade menor (p<0,05) de osteoclastos por área em relação aos outros grupos nos três tempos experimentais. O perfil de liberação prolongando de OTC e as propriedades biológicas relevantes apresentadas pela nanofibra PCL/OTC, sugerem que esta poderia ser considerada uma alternativa para o tratamento da alveolite seca. / Dry socket is one of the most common and symptomatic postoperative complications in tooth extraction, however, to date, it does not have an established treatment protocol. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, employed in the treatment of multiple infections. Nevertheless, in the last few years, first-generation tetracyclines such as OTC, have been avoided due to the development of resistant microorganisms. Fortunately, in recent years there has been a contrary trend thanks to control measures in the use of antibiotics. Controlled release systems can prevent the development of bacterial resistance and decrease the risk of adverse effects. This study aimed to prepare a polymeric nanofiber of polycaprolactone and oxytetracycline (PCL/OTC), and to evaluate its physical and biological properties in vitro and in vivo, aiming its use in the treatment of dry socket at the future. The OTC-charged polymeric nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and drug release profile evaluation. The antibacterial activity of the nanofiber over a mixed biofilm containing Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus sanguis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was analyzed by counting the viable colony-forming units after 1, 4, 24, 30 and 48 h of contact. The alveolar repair process induced by the PCL/OTC nanofiber was evaluated histomorphologically and histomorphometrically after the treatment of dry socket in rat molars, and compared to the treatment with plain PCL nanofibers and AlvogylTM, 7, 14 and 21 days after extraction. Finally, the identification and counting of osteoclasts were performed through the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, at the same evaluation time points. PCL/OTC nanofibers presented random orientation in layers and multiform morphology. The release profile of the PCL/OTC system showed a burst effect within the first 8 hours, followed by a prolonged slow release period. The PCL/OTC nanofiber at a concentration of 132 ?g OTC/mL reduced more than 50% of the biofilm colonies in the first few hours of release, followed by a maintenance period in which the percentage of bacterial colonies remained low. The PCL/OTC group presented the highest percentage of connective tissue on the 7th day (p<0.05), and of newly formed bone on the 14th and 21st days (p<0.05) after dental extraction, compared to the other groups. The treatment of dry socket with the PCL/OTC fiber allowed almost complete tissue regeneration up to the 21st day, and the chronology of tissue regeneration with this material was faster than with the plain PCL fiber, and the latter was more rapid than the positive control AlvogylTM. The PCL/OTC group presented a lower amount (p<0.05) of osteoclasts per area than the other two groups in the three experimental periods. The prolonged release profile of OTC and the relevant biological properties presented by the PCL/OTC nanofibers suggest that these may be considered as an alternative treatment of dry socket.

Neste trabalho, um eletrodo compósito à base de grafite e poliuretana (EGPU) 60% (grafite, m/m) foi avaliado quanto ao seu potencial para determinação dos antibióticos da família das tetraciclinas em amostras de água natural, de urina bovina e humana, e em amostras de leite bovino e humano. Visando desenvolver métodos simples, de baixo custo e com baixa geração de resíduos, o eletrodo foi usado sem modificação, para atender a estes propósitos e considerando os níveis de concentração das tetraciclinas nas amostras biológicas. A otimização dos parâmetros em voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) foi realizada para a determinação dos antibióticos tetraciclina (TC), oxitetraciclina (OTC) e clortetraciclina (CTC) em tampão fosfato 0,10 mol L-1 pH 2,3, permitindo atingir limites de detecção de 2,6 &micro;mol L-1, 1,7 &micro;mol L-1 e 0,82 &micro;mol L-1, respectivamente, sem a necessidade de renovação da superfície, entre as medidas sucessivas. Durante as determinações de TC e OTC em amostras de água natural e purificada, foram observadas recuperações entre 92,6% e 100%, após etapa de pré-concentração. As amostras de urina foram acidificadas, em seguida centrifugadas para a remoção de partículas sólidas e proteínas. A TC e OTC foram determinadas diretamente, na amostra de urina tratada e diluída em tampão fosfato 0,10 mol L-1 pH 2,3. Durante a determinação de TC e OTC nas amostras de urina, após o preparo da amostra, foram obtidas recuperações entre 96% e 100%. As amostras de leite bovino e humano foram intencionalmente contaminadas com TC. Após preparo das amostras, estas foram submetidas à extração, usando cartucho para extração em fase sólida (SPE). Após eluição e retomada do analito retido no cartucho, a quantidade de TC presente nas amostras foi determinada pelo método de adição de padrão, usando DPV, com EGPU 60% (grafite, m/m). Foram obtidas recuperações entre 76% e 103% para as amostras de leite bovino e recuperações entre 91% e 100 % para as amostras de leite humano, que mostram que o eletrodo proposto pode ser usado neste tipo de determinação com as características postuladas acima. / A bare graphite-polyurethane composite electrode 60% (graphite, m/m) (GPUE) was evaluated in the determination of tetracycline (TC) class antibiotics in natural water as well as, in human and bovine urine and in milk samples. Thus, a DPV procedure was optimized for the determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) antibiotics in phosphate buffer 0.10 mol L-1 pH 2.3, resulting in LOD of 2.6 &micro;mol L-1, 1.7 &micro;mol L-1 and 0.82 &micro;mol L-1, respectively. During the determination of TC and OTC in the water samples, recoveries between 92.6 and 100% were found, after pre-concentration stage. The urine samples were submitted to acidification followed by centrifugation to remove solids and proteins. During the determination of TC and OTC in urine samples, after pre-treatment of urine, recoveries between 96 and 100% were found. The composite electrode was also evaluated in the determination of TC in the bovine and human milk samples. During the determination of TC in milk, recoveries between 76 and 103% were found for bovine milk and recoveries between 91 and 100% were found for human milk after pre-concentration stage, showing the feasibility of the procedure.

The diploma thesis is focused on the determination of tetracyclines, sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones from soil. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline. ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfamethaxazole and sulfadiazin were selected due to frequent use in veterinary medicine. Due to the fact that the soil is a complex matrix and contains many components that can interfere with the detection signal of analytes, it was necessary to use the MAX column in the SPE method, which removes fulvic aned humic acid from analytes and the HLB column Final analysis of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography with mass detesction (LC-MS). The method was also used for real soil samples, which were delivered from ÚKZUS.

Intrusion of pharmaceuticals into surface and drinking water is nowadays a problem, that is solved all over the world. This diploma thesis is focused on the removal of pharmaceuticals from water by coagulation. The efficiency of two coagulant agents - chitosan and ferric sulphate was compared. For comparison was used adsorption on a granular-activated-carbon. Efficiency of removal was investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and HPLC.

The PhD thesis deals with determination of sulfonamides and tetracyclines in waste waters. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. They are biologically active compounds and block biological processes in waste water treatment plants. These substances can influence microorganisms in the environment. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines induce resistance in low concentrations. These substances penetrate into the environment from industrial production, use in households, hospitals, veterinary clinics and fish farms. Tetracyclines and sulphonamides were determined in waste water from waste water treatment plants in Brno. Optimalization of extraction of these compounds was performed by solid phase extraction. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector or coupled with mass spectrometry. Optimalized method was used for determination tetracyclines and sulphonamides in waste water from waste water treatment plants in Brno in years 2007 – 2010.

The antibiotics have become so widely and successfully used in the practice of medicine that they are now considered to be essential. Among the antibiotics, the tetracycline group has achieved an enviable reputation for dependable medication, In spite of this, there remain several unanswered questions, One of these pertains to the interesting phenomenon for almost selective localization of tetracycline in certain tumor cells or masses, Although there have been numerous publications dealing with this phenomenon, as the following paragraphs will indicate, there is little agreement as to the factors involved. Indeed, there are some sharply conflicting opinions. The investigations described in this paper were undertaken to obtain information relative to the localization and retention of tetracycline in a transplantable mouse tumor.