Tim-1 (T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 1) is a transmembrane protein expressed by many cell types, including activated T cells and B cells. Antibodies to Tim-1 have been shown to decrease severity of airway hyperreactivity and Th2 cytokine production in mice. Current literature suggests Tim-1 functions as a co-stimulatory molecule. We hypothesize that Tim-1 signals in lymphocytes, and that Tim-1 signaling modulates allergic airway disease. Chapter one provides a brief overview of current literature exploring identification of the Tim family of receptors, genetic associations between TIM-1 polymorphisms and human diseases, Tim-1 expression, Tim-1 ligands, studies of antibodies to Tim-1 in various mouse models of human disease, and signaling events downstream of Tim-1 engagement. Chapter two provides detailed experimental methodology. Chapter three details the characterization of Tim-1 deficient mice. Tim-1 deficient mice do not exhibit defects in lymphocyte or myeloid cell development, as determined by numbers of cells present in bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. C57BL/6 Tim-1 deficient female mice appear to develop an increased number of lymph node cells and also develop anti-double stranded DNA antibodies. Chapter four explores the impact of Tim-1 deficiency in a murine allergic airway disease model, which demonstrated that Tim-1 deficient mice developed increased lung inflammation and increased antigen-specific Th2 cytokine production that was evident in mice backcrossed to both BALB/c and C57BL/6 backgrounds. These phenotypes were not evident using purified naïve CD4+ T cells polarized in vitro. As Tim-1 expression is not restricted to CD4+ T cells, adoptive transfer experiments were performed to determine whether the phenotype observed was due to the deficiency of Tim-1 on CD4+ T cells, non-CD4+ T cells, or Tim-1 deficiency on both CD4+ T cells and non-CD4+ T cells. Chapter five explores the impact of Tim-1 deficiency in a chronic Leishmania major intradermal infection model. Tim-1 deficient mice crossed to both BALB/c and C57BL/6 backrounds demonstrated similar parasite burden over the course of time, but in vitro restimulation of lymph node cells revealed a striking increase in cytokine production that extended to Th1, Th2, and Th17 lineages. Tim-1 signaling in murine B cell lines is explored in Chapter six. A Tim-1 monoclonal antibody conjugated to beads induces phosphorylation of Tim-1 and recruitment of the Src family kinase Fyn. This phosphorylation of Tim-1 is reduced in Fyn-deficient B cell lines. Chapter seven discusses the significance of these findings, relates current literature to these results, and provides some avenues for further exploration of Tim-1 function and signaling.

Les canaux calciques incluent notamment les canaux dépendants des stocks (ORAI) et dépendants du voltage (Cav) qui sont considérés de première importance pour l'entrée du calcium dans les cellules non-excitables et excitables, respectivement. Les canaux calciques voltage-dépendants tels que Cav1 sont essentiels pour le fonctionnement des cellules excitables, notamment la transmission neuronale, la contraction musculaire ou la sécrétion hormonale. Cependant, de nombreuses études montrent désormais que les canaux Cav1 sont aussi exprimés dans des cellules non excitables, et sont importants pour les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T. Les canaux Cav1 sont constitués de la sous-unité a1 formant le pore ionique et des sous-unités auxiliaires ß et a2δ. Ces sous-unités sont importantes pour l'activité électrique du canal, mais aussi pour sa régulation, sa stabilité et son expression à la membrane plasmique dans les cellules excitables. Les travaux de notre groupe ont clairement identifié les sous-unités a1 de Cav1.2 et Cav1.3 comme essentielles pour la fonction des lymphocytes Th2, une sous-population de cellules T responsable des maladies allergiques. L'inhibition pharmacologique et génétique de ces canaux réduit de manière significative l'expression des cytokines dans les lymphocytes Th2 chez la souris, mais pas dans les Th1. Le but de mon travail a été de comprendre si les sous-unités auxiliaires des canaux Cav, et plus particulièrement la sous-unité ß, sont nécessaires au fonctionnement des canaux Cav1 dans les lymphocytes Th2 qui ne sont pas des cellules excitables. Nous avons utilisé des oligonucléotides antisens ciblant toutes les sous-unités ß afin de réduire l'expression de ß1 et ß3, les deux sous-unités exprimées dans des lymphocytes Th2. La transfection de Th2 murines et humaines avec ces oligonucléotides diminue l'influx de calcium dépendant du TCR et l'expression des cytokines. En outre, l'effet des oligonucléotides antisens semble résulter de la perte d'expression de la sous-unité a1 selon un mécanisme similaire à celui décrit dans les neurones. De plus, L'utilisation de shRNA spécifiques de ß1 et ß3 dans les Th2 de souris montre un rôle essentiel la sous-unité ß1 dans la réponse fonctionnelle des lymphocytes Th2. Enfin, les antisens Cavß diminuent l'inflammation dans un modèle d'asthme allergique chez la souris, de même qu'un inhibiteur pharmacologique des sous-unités a2δ. Ce travail a donc permis d'identifier les sous-unités auxiliaires des canaux Cav comme de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le cadre des maladies allergiques telles que l'asthme. / Calcium channels include store-operated (ORAI) and voltage-gated (Cav) channels that are considered to be important for calcium entry in non-excitable and excitable cells, respectively. Voltage-gated calcium channels such as Cav1 are essential for excitable cell function, including neuronal transmission, muscle contraction or hormone secretion. However, numerous studies show that Cav1 channels are expressed in non-excitable cells as well, and are important for T cell effector functions. Cav1 channels are composed of the a1 subunit forming the ion pore and auxiliary subunits ß and a2δ. These subunits are important for the electric activity of the channel but also for its regulation, its stability and its expression at the plasma membrane in excitable cells. Our group clearly identified the a1 subunit of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels as essential for the function of Th2 lymphocytes, a T cell subset responsible for allergic diseases. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of these channels significantly reduces the expression of cytokines in mouse Th2 cells, but not in Th1 cells. The goal of my work was to understand whether the auxiliary subunits of Cav channels, particularly the ß subunit, are necessary for the function of Cav1 channels in Th2 lymphocytes that are not excitable cells. We used antisense oligonucleotides targeting all ß subunits to reduce the expression of ß1 and ß3, the two subunits expressed in Th2 lymphocytes. Transfection of murine and human Th2 with these oligonucleotides decreases TCR-dependent calcium influx and cytokine expression. In addition, the effect of the Cavß antisense oligonucleotides seems to result from the loss of expression of the a1 subunit, as similarly described in neurons. In addition, the use of shRNA specific to ß1 and ß3 in mouse Th2 shows a critical role the ß1 subunit in the functional response of Th2 lymphocytes. Finally, the Cavß antisense oligonucleotides reduce the airway inflammation in an allergic asthma model in mice, as well as a pharmacological inhibitor of a2δ subunits. This work has identified auxiliary subunits of Cav channels as new potential therapeutic targets in allergic diseases such as asthma.