Hemocytes are important as storage and producers of proteins of the innate immune defence, as well as actors of the cellular immune response. Therefore the hematopoietic process is critical for survival of most invertebrates. In order to search for molecules of importance for hemocyte development in crayfish we investigated proteins in crayfish plasma, which were increased after microbial challenge. As a result we were able to identify, purify and characterize a new invertebrate cytokine named astakine, and could clearly show that this protein is important for hematopoietic development in vivo as well as in an in vitro cell culture system. Astakine contains a prokineticin (PK) domain shown for the first time in an invertebrate, however, unlike the vertebrate PKs, astakine binds to a cell surface F1 ATP synthase β subunit located on the hematopoietic tissue (hpt) cell membranes. Extracellular ATP synthases as receptors have earlier been reported in different vertebrate cells and here we show that extracellular ATP synthase β subunit acts as a receptor for an invertebrate cytokine and is involved in hematopoiesis. We also found two other groups of proteins, which were increased in plasma after microbial challenge and they were further characterized. A great number of different Kazal type proteinase inhibitors were produced by the hemocytes and this type of proteinase inhibitors have variable reactive sites determining the specificity of their inhibition. In crayfish Kazal inhibitors with similar reactive sites were found as a response to specific microorganisms suggesting that the crayfish Kazal proteinase inhibitors may provide enough variability to participate in diverse innate immune reactions against different pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides were synthesized by the hemocytes and were likewise released in high amount upon microbial infection and we have characterized the main group of cystein-rich crustin-like antimicrobial peptides and investigated their tissue distribution and expression pattern.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(論文) 学位授与年月日:平成9年2月28日 森脇崇之氏の博士論文として提出された

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15675号 / 工博第3333号 / 新制||工||1503(附属図書館) / 28212 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 泰生, 教授 跡見 晴幸, 教授 濵地 格 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Les canaux calciques incluent notamment les canaux dépendants des stocks (ORAI) et dépendants du voltage (Cav) qui sont considérés de première importance pour l'entrée du calcium dans les cellules non-excitables et excitables, respectivement. Les canaux calciques voltage-dépendants tels que Cav1 sont essentiels pour le fonctionnement des cellules excitables, notamment la transmission neuronale, la contraction musculaire ou la sécrétion hormonale. Cependant, de nombreuses études montrent désormais que les canaux Cav1 sont aussi exprimés dans des cellules non excitables, et sont importants pour les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T. Les canaux Cav1 sont constitués de la sous-unité a1 formant le pore ionique et des sous-unités auxiliaires ß et a2δ. Ces sous-unités sont importantes pour l'activité électrique du canal, mais aussi pour sa régulation, sa stabilité et son expression à la membrane plasmique dans les cellules excitables. Les travaux de notre groupe ont clairement identifié les sous-unités a1 de Cav1.2 et Cav1.3 comme essentielles pour la fonction des lymphocytes Th2, une sous-population de cellules T responsable des maladies allergiques. L'inhibition pharmacologique et génétique de ces canaux réduit de manière significative l'expression des cytokines dans les lymphocytes Th2 chez la souris, mais pas dans les Th1. Le but de mon travail a été de comprendre si les sous-unités auxiliaires des canaux Cav, et plus particulièrement la sous-unité ß, sont nécessaires au fonctionnement des canaux Cav1 dans les lymphocytes Th2 qui ne sont pas des cellules excitables. Nous avons utilisé des oligonucléotides antisens ciblant toutes les sous-unités ß afin de réduire l'expression de ß1 et ß3, les deux sous-unités exprimées dans des lymphocytes Th2. La transfection de Th2 murines et humaines avec ces oligonucléotides diminue l'influx de calcium dépendant du TCR et l'expression des cytokines. En outre, l'effet des oligonucléotides antisens semble résulter de la perte d'expression de la sous-unité a1 selon un mécanisme similaire à celui décrit dans les neurones. De plus, L'utilisation de shRNA spécifiques de ß1 et ß3 dans les Th2 de souris montre un rôle essentiel la sous-unité ß1 dans la réponse fonctionnelle des lymphocytes Th2. Enfin, les antisens Cavß diminuent l'inflammation dans un modèle d'asthme allergique chez la souris, de même qu'un inhibiteur pharmacologique des sous-unités a2δ. Ce travail a donc permis d'identifier les sous-unités auxiliaires des canaux Cav comme de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le cadre des maladies allergiques telles que l'asthme. / Calcium channels include store-operated (ORAI) and voltage-gated (Cav) channels that are considered to be important for calcium entry in non-excitable and excitable cells, respectively. Voltage-gated calcium channels such as Cav1 are essential for excitable cell function, including neuronal transmission, muscle contraction or hormone secretion. However, numerous studies show that Cav1 channels are expressed in non-excitable cells as well, and are important for T cell effector functions. Cav1 channels are composed of the a1 subunit forming the ion pore and auxiliary subunits ß and a2δ. These subunits are important for the electric activity of the channel but also for its regulation, its stability and its expression at the plasma membrane in excitable cells. Our group clearly identified the a1 subunit of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels as essential for the function of Th2 lymphocytes, a T cell subset responsible for allergic diseases. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of these channels significantly reduces the expression of cytokines in mouse Th2 cells, but not in Th1 cells. The goal of my work was to understand whether the auxiliary subunits of Cav channels, particularly the ß subunit, are necessary for the function of Cav1 channels in Th2 lymphocytes that are not excitable cells. We used antisense oligonucleotides targeting all ß subunits to reduce the expression of ß1 and ß3, the two subunits expressed in Th2 lymphocytes. Transfection of murine and human Th2 with these oligonucleotides decreases TCR-dependent calcium influx and cytokine expression. In addition, the effect of the Cavß antisense oligonucleotides seems to result from the loss of expression of the a1 subunit, as similarly described in neurons. In addition, the use of shRNA specific to ß1 and ß3 in mouse Th2 shows a critical role the ß1 subunit in the functional response of Th2 lymphocytes. Finally, the Cavß antisense oligonucleotides reduce the airway inflammation in an allergic asthma model in mice, as well as a pharmacological inhibitor of a2δ subunits. This work has identified auxiliary subunits of Cav channels as new potential therapeutic targets in allergic diseases such as asthma.