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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Plantas ornitófilas de sub-bosque e suas interações com beija-flores / Ornithophilous understory plant species and their interactions with hummingbirds

Silva, Raphael Matias da 27 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-04T14:17:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raphael Matias da Silva - 2014.pdf: 1915356 bytes, checksum: 46210dde4f1e2691a46a9de1c7a3a31e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-04T14:19:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raphael Matias da Silva - 2014.pdf: 1915356 bytes, checksum: 46210dde4f1e2691a46a9de1c7a3a31e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-04T14:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raphael Matias da Silva - 2014.pdf: 1915356 bytes, checksum: 46210dde4f1e2691a46a9de1c7a3a31e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Ornithophilous plant species occur in greater number in the understory of tropical forests, with Acanthaceae as one of the major families with this pollination syndrome. However, several other angiosperm families have species pollinated by hummingbirds, which is the largest group of vertebrate pollinators of the Neotropic, besides being the most representative and specialized group of nectarivorous birds. The present study is organized into three chapters, with the following objectives: 1) Conduct a literature review, compiling information on the pollination and reproductive systems found in the family Acanthaceae Juss. in Brazil, 2) Assess the association between ornithophilous understory plants and hummingbirds in two fragments, evaluating potential levels of specialization according to the floral traits, 3) To investigate the pollination biology of Geissomeria pubescens Nees (Acanthaceae), including aspects of its morphology, floral biology, nectar energy availability and reproductive system. Four pollination syndromes were recorded in a total of 28 species of Acanthaceae family: ornithophily, melittophily, psicofilia and chiropterophily. The ornithophily was the predominant syndrome and, consequently, hummingbirds were the most common group of floral visitors. Regarding the reproductive system, 94.1% of the Acanthaceae species studied in Brazil are self-compatible. In the study of the community ecology of the ornithophilous plants, 12 species were recorded, with Acanthaceae being the principal ornithophilous family. Thalurania furcata was the hummingbird which interacted with the greatest number of species, being considered as a generalist. The average amount of sugar produced in the area, by the species, was the only factor associated with the visitation rate. This feature may be a consequence of the fact, that larger resource quantities represent greater attraction and greater abundance of hummingbirds that exploit these resources in the areas. G. pubescens was the ornithophilous species that offered the greatest amount of resources to hummingbirds in the studied area. Based only on the amount of available energy for this plant species, on a daily basis, the studied fragment can support up to 94.6 hummingbirds during its flowering peak. G. pubescens produced no fruit by agamospermy and self-spontaneous pollinations. Thus, these results demonstrate the importance of the hummingbirds (the unique visitors) in the pollen flow occurrence and therefore, in the fruit formation of the species. / Espécies ornitófilas são encontradas em maior número no sub-bosque de florestas tropicais, sendo Acanthaceae uma das principais famílias com esta síndrome de polinização. Entretanto, várias outras famílias de Angiospermas apresentam espécies polinizadas por beija-flores, sendo este o maior grupo de polinizadores vertebrados do Neotrópico, além de ser o grupo mais representativo e especializado de aves nectarívoras. O presente estudo está organizado em três capítulos, com os seguintes objetivos: 1) Realizar uma revisão teórica compilando informações sobre os sistemas de polinização e reprodutivos encontrados na família Acanthaceae Juss. no Brasil; 2) Analisar a associação entre as plantas ornitófilas de sub-bosque e beija-flores em dois fragmentos avaliando possíveis níveis de especialização de acordo com os atributos florais; 3) Investigar a biologia da polinização de Geissomeria pubescens Nees (Acanthaceae), incluindo aspectos da morfologia, biologia floral, disponibilidade energética do néctar e sistema reprodutivo. Foram registradas quatro síndromes de polinização em um total de 28 espécies da família Acanthaceae, sendo elas: ornitofilia, melitofilia, psicofilia e quiropterofilia, onde a ornitofilia foi a síndrome predominante e, consequentemente, beija-flores foi o grupo mais comum de visitantes florais. Quanto ao sistema reprodutivo, 94,1% das espécies de Acanthaceae estudadas no Brasil são autocompatíveis. No estudo da ecologia de comunidades de plantas ornitófilas, foram registradas 12 espécies, sendo Acanthaceae a principal família ornitófila. Thalurania furcata foi o beija-flor que interagiu com o maior número de espécies, sendo considerado generalista. A quantidade média de açúcar produzida na área, por espécie, foi o único fator relacionado com a taxa de visitação. Tal característica pode ser consequência das maiores quantidades de recurso gerar uma maior atração e maior abundância dos beija-flores na exploração dos recursos. G. pubescens é a espécie ornitófila que ofereceu a maior quantidade de recursos aos beija-flores. Baseado apenas na quantidade de energia disponível por esta espécie vegetal, o fragmento estudado pode suportar até 94,6 beija-flores, diariamente, durante o pico de floração. G. pubescens não produziu frutos por agamospermia e autopolinização espontânea. Com isso, estes resultados demonstram a importância dos beija-flores (únicos visitantes) para que ocorra fluxo de pólen e, consequentemente, formação de frutos na espécie.
2

Correlación morfológica entre el cráneo y el esternón de algunas especies de las Subfamilias Phaethornithinae y Trochilinae (Aves, Apodiformes, Trochilidae)

Figueroa Ramírez, Sheila Antoinette January 2011 (has links)
El óptimo desarrollo de las adaptaciones para la obtención de los alimentos en los colibríes, se caracteriza por la correlación de sus estructuras morfológicas, las cuales definen así su ecomorfología. Se analizaron algunas medidas morfológicas del cráneo y el esternón de 79 especímenes de colibríes de la subfamilia Phaethornithinae: Phaethornis superciliosus, P. hispidus, P. philippi, P. bourcieri, Eutoxeres condamini, Glaucis hirsutus y Threnetes leucurus y 36 especímenes de la subfamilia Trochilinae: Campylopterus largipennis, Florisuga mellivora, Thalurania furcata, Leucippus chlorocercus y Amazilia lactea, procedentes de la cuenca amazónica peruana; algunos especímenes estuvieron depositados en la colección Ornitológica del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Ricardo Palma (MHNURP-O) (Lima-Perú), otros depositados Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad – CORBIDI (Lima-Perú) y otros en el Louisiana Museum of Natural History (LMNHZ) (Louisiana-Estados unidos de Norte América). El Análisis de Componentes Principales de las variables mostró diferencias y similitudes en los índices de correlación entre las medidas del cráneo, del esternón y entre las medidas de estas dos estructuras morfológicas. Así, se evidenció que la variable del ángulo del pico, en Phaethornithinae, está fuertemente correlacionada con las medidas del cráneo, pero no en Trochilinae; en cambio, la variable largo de pico, en Trochilinae, se correlaciono fuertemente con las medidas del cráneo y esternón pero no en Phaethornithinae. Además, Phaethornithinae mostró un alto índice de correlación entre las medidas post-orbital con pre-orbital, pre-orbital con altura de la carina sterni y largo de la base de la carina sterni con ancho de la carina sterni; mientras que, Trochilinae mostró mayor índice de correlación entre post-orbital con inter-orbital, inserción del pico con el ancho del foramen sterni y largo de la base de la carina sterni con ancho de la carina sterni. El análisis de estas variables ayudó a entender las diferencias y similitudes entre ambas subfamilias, así mismo el entorno y rol ecológico para su adaptación.The optimal development of the adaptations of hummingbirds to obtain their food, is characterized by the correlation of their morphological structures, which define their eco-morphology. They were analyzed some morphological measurements of the skull and sternum from 79 specimens of the subfamily Phaethornithinae: Phaethornis superciliosus, P. hispidus, P. philippii, P. bourcieri, Eutoxeres condamini, Glaucis hirsutus and Threnetes leucurus and 36 specimens of the subfamily Trochilinae: Campylopterus largipennis, Florisuga mellivora, Thalurania furcata, Leucippus chlorocercus, and Amazilia lactea, from the Peruvian Amazon, some of which are deposited in the collection of the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Ricardo Palma (MHNURP) (Lima-Peru), others in the Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad - CORBIDI (Lima-Peru) and others deposited at the Louisiana Museum of Natural History (LMNHZ) (Louisiana-USA). The ACP of the morphological measurements showed differences between the correlations of the skull and sternum between subfamilies and sexes. The variable angle of bill was the one that strongly influenced the correlations of the others variables of the skull for all the species of Phaethornithinae sub-family but strongly in their females, meanwhile the variable length of bill influenced on the correlations of other variables from the skull and sternum for all the species of Trochilinae sub-family, and the length and angle of bill characterized strongly for their females. Males of both subfamilies were strongly characterized by the sternum measurements, and even they showed strong correlations between the length of the carina sterni basis and its area, indicating that this correlation is a strong characteristic for all the Trochilidae Family.The influence of these variables allowed the development of osteo-morphological differentiation, which were determined by their environment and some other evidences on their ecological role studies.

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