The study deals with the restoration and the new use of the Classicist Chateau in Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. The castle is now in the possession of the village, it is unused and degraded. The basic idea was to create a castle attractive not only for tourists, but also for the inhabitants of Hrušovany. Another idea was to combine several different functions that connect each other, but they can work independently. There are designed exhibition spaces, wine bar, multifunctional hall, seniors club or chateau-style accommodation. A new building, which serves as a guest house (guest house and restaurant), is proposed at the site of a no longer existing building.

The basic objective is of adaptation of the castle is integration to tourism development in the region and simultaneously make the castle and town more attractive for residents. The resort´s own castle is functionally divided into three centers. The first courtyard is the tourist center of the region, the second courtyard recreation center and third courtyard cultural centre. Three courtyard are surrounded by restored rampart promenade, which also connects the castle courtyard with recreational and educative castle park, in which are stationed various pavilions informing tourists about the historical, architectural and natural values of Brtnice and its environs. In the park is also located amphitheater for cultural and musical events. The castle has become a great park of activities pulling into its bowels town visitors and inhabitants of Brtnice themselves. The main dominant of the complex is new tower Brtnice, which grows on the historic footprint of burnt tower. High-tech architecture of tower attracts visitors of the city and is the starting point of castle viewing. It brings together the functions of the Information Center, phaenomania, souvenir shop, cafe and roof garden, which is also a cafe terrace and outlook. Oriels of tower are oriented to the surrounding important historical monuments. Visitors pass through peripheral “gallery of knowledge” and recognize beauty of the town and its environs.

No

The Castle Hayne Limestone (Middle Eocene, North Carolina), noted for its diverse macro-invertebrate fossils, was sampled to assess if early Cenozoic brachiopods from eastern North America record any traces of biotic interactions. Systematic surveys of two North Carolina quarries yielded 494 brachiopods, dominated by one species: Plicatoria wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby, 1845). Despite subtle variations in taphonomy, taxonomy, and drilling patterns, the two sampled quarries are remarkably similar in terms of quantitative and qualitative paleoecological and taphonomic patterns. Ninety-two brachiopod shells (18.6% specimens) contained a single circular hole. Majority of drillholes were singular, perpendicular to shell surface, and drilled from the outside. In addition, ventral valves were drilled slightly more frequently than dorsal ones and larger brachiopods contained more drillholes than smaller ones. However, the size of drillholes did not correlate with the size of brachiopods. The drillholes record "live-live" biotic interactions, which may represent either predatory attacks or parasitic infestations or combination of those two types of interactions. A notable fraction of specimens bears multiple drillholes, which is consistent with either parasitic nature of interactions or frequent failed predatory events. Drilling frequency was high in both quarries (24.5%); this high frequency reinforces other recent reports (from other continents and Cenozoic epochs) that drilling organisms may be a frequent predator or parasite of brachiopod prey or hosts. The number of case studies reporting high frequencies of drilling in brachiopods is still limited and thus insufficient to draw reliable generalizations regarding the causes and consequences of these occasionally intense ecological interactions. / Master of Science

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988.

Disertacijos objekto tyrimo strategija remiasi keturiais kriterijais. Pirma, fenomeno ir jo raidos tyrimo. Antra, tyrimas nėra apribojamas tik šiandieninės Lietuvos Respublikos teritorija. Trečia, tiriamoji problema ir keliami klausimai interpretuojami apimant platesnį spektrą europinės istoriografijos pavyzdžių, kurie įgalina lyginamojoje perspektyvoje kontekstualizuoti egzistavusios vietinės socialinės tikrovės ypatumus, ieškoti sąryšio / skirties, bendros raidos taškų tarp skirtinguose regionuose egzistavusių fenomenų. Ketvirta, į tiriamąjį objektą žvelgiama kaip į daugiasluoksne struktūra pasireiškusį fenomeną. Tokiu būdu bandoma ieškoti naujų teorinių prieigų, neapsiribojant vien tik tradiciniu istoriniu pasakojimu. Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – pilis kaip kokybiškai, priklausomai nuo sociopolitinių sąlygų, kintantis reiškinys. Pilis suvokiama kaip Viduramžių ir ankstyvųjų Naujųjų laikų visuomenės teritorinis, socialinis, simbolinis, teisinis ir reprezentacinis fenomenas. Kartu pilis suprantama kaip integrali socialinės tikrovės dalis, todėl interpretuotina tik siejant ją su visuomene, jos transformacijomis ir veikla, kintančiomis geopolitinėmis aplinkybėmis. Pilis apibrėžiama kaip struktūra atsispiriant nuo trijų pjūvių: teritorijos (a), visuomenės (b), galios-valdžios (c). Pilis aiškinama kaip teritoriją telkiantis ir formuojantis branduolys, tokiu būdu erdvė ilgainiui buvo transformuojama į aiškią ir savo ribas turinčią teisiškai, administraciškai, ūkiškai pavaldžią... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The strategy of research into the dissertation object is based on four criteria. First, it is a study of a phenomenon and its development. Second, the study is not confined to the present territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Third, the research problem and questions raised are interpreted in a broader light of examples from the European historiography, which enable to contextualise past features of the local social reality and search for similarities and/or differences as well as common points in the development of the phenomena which existed in different regions. Fourth, the object under analysis is perceived as a phenomenon with a multifaceted structure. Therefore, an attempt is made to look for new theoretical approaches rather than limit oneself to a traditional historical narrative. Historiography has seen attempts to disclose the development of society, uneven social structure, its specific features, etc. through the analysis of one phenomenon. However, this is only possible by looking at that phenomenon from different perspectives and analysing it as a product of different spheres of social reality, because focusing on a single aspect of the phenomenon limits the possibilities for interpretation which would reveal the multifunctional nature of the phenomenon and uneven trajectories of its development. The phenomenon of the castle is one of those problems which has not been analysed systematically and consistently. The existing historiography has mostly perceived... [to full text] / Man versteht die Burg als ein sich mit der Zeit und in einem bestimmten Raum veränderndes soziopolitisches Phänomen. Dieses Phänomen hatte verschiedene Besonderheiten, die von der konkrete Gesellschaft beeinflusst worden sind. Deshalb ist es sehr wichtig zu betonen, dass Großfürstentum Litauen in seiner räumlichen und territoriellen Lage sehr heterogen war, d.h., dass Sozialstruktur von verschiedener Staatsterritorien auch sehr unterschiedlich war. Dies lässt uns behaupten, dass wir nicht über Burgphänomen, sondern über Burgphänomene sprechen sollen. Diese Annahme supponiert solche methodische Ausgangspunkte: • Vergleichende (diachrone und synchrone) Perspektive • Strukturalistische Perspektive Die Burg war ein Teil der damaligen Gesellschaft und der Ausdruck der Sozialrealität, deswegen soll man aufmerksam sein und verschiedene Phänomenentwicklungen beachten, weil jeder Raum und jedes Territorium seine eigene Sozialstruktur hatte. (Laut Henri Lefebvre: „Jede Gesellschaft (...) produziert einen ihr eigenen Raum“). Zweifelsohne beeinflusste sie die Entwicklung der Burg. Als einer der methodischen Ansätze man kann also das Phänomen der Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen Phänomen nennen. Besondere Konzentrierung an den Raum und ihrer Heterogenität in der Geschichte (R. Koselleck).

The libraries of Lichnowsky noble family are currently composed of the sections. The first one is the main family line library stored in Hradec nad Moravicí castle and the latter is the one originally from Chuchelná castle. This thesis focuses on 16-18th century prints as parts of the above mentioned libraries. The aim here is the content and provenance analysis of the library fund of Lichnowsky within the suggested periods of time. At the front, the attention is on signature lines and on the question, whether the Chuchelná library contains books that once belonged to private property of Lichnowsky family. In the following chapters, it is explained why the scale of the analysis is limited to the selected centuries. The answer also reflects the general topic of understanding castle libraries. The focus is also on the history of the noble family of Lichnowsky. After localization of the library itself, major parts of the thesis follow, which chapters comprising the content and provenance analysis of the libraries. The provenance chapter has two parts. The first one identifies members of Lichnowsky family behind provenance traces inside the books, whereas the major role is played by Robert Lichnowsky, largely responsible for operating and maintaining the family library. The latter part focuses on...

The medieval castle is one of the most popular topics in medieval historiography and interest in this structure has institutionalized it in modern medieval scholarship. Unfortunately, this does not mean that modern historians understand it. The problem lies in the narrow and isolationist definition used by many scholars who see it as simply a fortified private residence representing and defending power. This thesis will demonstrate that the castle’s contemporaries understood it as an identifiable and distinguishable structure and symbol with a singular yet multi-dimensional characteristics as a fortified, personal, and multifunctional resource. The twelfth-century Anglo-Norman realm has been chosen as a focus for this thesis because of the specific differences between the reigns of Henry I, Stephen, and Henry II. This period, particularly the nineteen years of Stephen’s reign, experienced significant castle warfare, which provides a great deal of material for this study. In chapters 1-3, each of the above characteristics and their corresponding details will be analysed individually. In chapter 4, three case studies will be presented to demonstrate how these independent characteristics were perceived of as acting simultaneously. Chapter 5 will compare perceptions of castles to other medieval buildings. Finally, chapter 6 will test the definition’s legitimacy by applying it beyond the twelfth-century Anglo-Norman realm. This dissertation will demonstrate that there was a contemporary understanding of the castle which encompassed its fortified nature, its personal possession, and its multifunctional resourcefulness. If we are to understand this phenomenon as its contemporaries did, then we need to alter our modern definition and expand our understanding in order to come to a truer and more complete appreciation of this essential resource in the Middle Ages.

The archaeological and technical questions about ancient glass have lead to various research activities such as identification and sourcing raw materials used in the glass production, investigation of the ways in which colors can be modified according to furnace atmosphere and times of firing. Considering research areas and publications it can be suggested that compositional studies of well-dated samples of ancient glass have disclosed useful information concerning raw materials characteristics and production technology. Within this context, aim of this study was to determine the composition and technology of some 13th century Seljuk period window glasses from Alanya Castle archaeological site. During the excavations at the area called Vaulted Galleria in Alanya Castle many glass pieces in different sizes and colors had been found. In this study 10 samples were examined. Elemental analysis of the samples have been made using two different methods / X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine major, minor and some trace elements. The XRF and ICP-OES data reflect the typical composition of a soda-lime-silica glass with the average values of / 12.9% (Na2O): 7.7% (CaO): and 65.5% (SiO2). Samples were grouped by color as green, blue and purple. Color producing elements are Fe, Mn, Cu and Co. Most of the samples had shown casting character as production technique.

Kalecik Castle is an important historical building. However, dacitic building stone sed is deteriorating mainly because of atmospheric conditions. The purpose of this tudy is to understand the deterioration mechanisms affecting the dacitic stones used n the castle&rsquo / s walls. To achieve this purpose various arhaeometrical methods such as etrography, X-ray diffraction analyses, analyses for determining physical poperties density, porosity, and water absorption capacities), ultrasonic velocity easurements and some mechanical tests are used. The results of this study show that the deterioration of Kalecik Castle results mostly rom physical factors such as frost action, wetting and drying and thermal shock. According to the study, chemical and biological factors that may also be an mportant cause of deterioration are negligible in Kalecik Castle&rsquo / s building stones.