The technique of DNA origami utilizes the specific and limited bonding properties of DNA to fold single stranded DNA sequences of various lengths to form a predesigned structure. One longer sequence is used as a scaffold and numerous shorter sequences called staples, which are all complementary to the scaffold sequence, are used to fold the scaffold into intricate shapes. The most commonly used scaffold is derived by extracting the genome of the M13 phage and the staples are usually chemically synthesized oligonucleotides. Longer single stranded sequences are difficult to synthesize with high specificity, which limits the choices of scaffold sequences available. In this project two main methods of single stranded amplification, Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) and the usage of helper phages, were explored with the goal to produce both a 378 nt scaffold and staple sequences needed for folding a DNA origami structure. To facilitate imaging by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of this small structure, the DNA origami structure was created to form a polymer structure. Production of the scaffold sequence in high yield was unsuccessful and no well-defined polymers were found in the folded samples, though a few results showed promise for further studies and optimizations. Due to time constraints of this project, only production of the scaffold sequence was tested. Unfortunately the scaffold produced by the helper phages was of the complementary strand to that used to design the DNA origami structure, and could therefore not be used for folding. The correct strand was produced by the RCA where the yield was too low when using Phi29 DNA polymerase for proper folding to take place, though small scale RCA by Bst DNA polymerase on the other hand showed promising results. These results indicate that the scaffold production may not be far off but still more experience in producing intermediate size oligonucleotides may be necessary before succeeding in high yield production of this 378 nt long sequence. The promise given by this production is to enable high yield, high purity, low cost and also an easily scalable process set-up. This would be an important step in future DNA nanotechnology research when moving from small scale laboratory research to large scale applications such as targeted drug delivery systems.

Indigeneity plays a central role in planning for diversity and creating inclusive cities in Canada. In the public domain, racism remains prominent in cities and presents challenges to the realization by urban Aboriginal peoples and Newcomers of their aspirations in urban society. In Winnipeg, an Aboriginal-led organisation has initiated partnerships with Newcomer settlement organisations to bring both groups together to build intercultural relationships. A case study of the United Against Racism/Aboriginal Youth Circle component of Ka Ni Kanichihk (KNK) provides the opportunity to examine the effects of its partnerships on the following matters: promoting cross-cultural understanding and friendships, changing negative perceptions and building confidence among Aboriginal peoples and Newcomers vis-a-vis each other, and help indirectly to facilitate Newcomer integration into neighbourhoods predominantly occupied by Aboriginal peoples in Winnipeg. An analysis of the data gathered on the partnership programs revealed that prior to participating in these programs there were negative preconceptions about one another based on false impressions. The programming has facilitated the sharing of cultures and ideas. This has also helped members of both groups to value their cultural differences and similar history of colonialism where they exist, develop a shared understanding of the racism that confronts Aboriginal peoples and racialized Newcomers, break down stereotypes, and build friendships. This thesis reveals that in the short term, the programs and partnerships of KNK are contributing to better cross-cultural understanding and relations within a multiculturalism framework, and that in the long term they have the potential to contribute to better cross-cultural understanding and relations within an intercultural framework. The cross-cultural networks being developed bode well for the potential of developing instrumental policy and advocacy partnerships in addressing common issues faced by Aboriginals and Newcomers through progressive urban policy in Canadian cities.

The purpose with my essay was to investigate how genre pedagogy works in a practical manor? I wanted to reach a deeper understanding for the genre pedagogy and to find out if it fits all students. To investigate this issue I have asked following questions:What is genre pedagogy?How do teachers work with different genres in the genre pedagogy?For whom is the genre pedagogy?Is the critic right that Frøydis Hertzberg is proposing about the genre pedagogy formalism? I have been using qualitative methods, to gather my empirical data. I have been using two unstructured interviews and one unsystematically observation, in a third grade class in a school south of Stockholm, with 30% second language students. I have also been watching several episodes about genre pedagogy at Utbildningsradions website and analyzed them. I have among others been using Gibbon’s book Scaffolding Language scaffolding Learning and Johansson Sandell Ring’s book (Let the language carry) I have also been using reports from the Swedish school ministry. In this way I have gathered interesting facts about how teachers educate in practice and how the interaction is. Genre pedagogy is about how the teacher together with the students finds subject knowledge and the text structure by speaking about the language with a so called Meta language and practical activities. The teacher part is to clarify the functional grammar and to give the tools so that the student will progress in his/ her writing skills and subject knowledge. The tutoring is presented so that the teachers part is to be supportive in the beginning when the students knowledge is being built up to gradually, when the student has the knowledge, to let the student do the task more and more by it self. There are critics aimed against the genre pedagogy that the student’s creativity and personal writing disappears. By my observation and analyses of the material from Utbildningsradions website, (UR.se) I have gotten a result that shows that the student text is written in the same structure as the template text, but there is space for their own imagination. One of the conclusions is that genre pedagogy fits most students, if the education is flexible and sometimes individualized.

In this case study I explore why the conflict of the Basque country which involves Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) persists. The purpose is to gain an understanding of the existence of ETA. Working somewhat  as an ethnographer the method has been to observe Basque society and through semi- structured interviews gain an understanding of ETAs existence. As exemplified with the hermeneutic circle, this case study starts out with a preunderstanding of the reasons for the existence of ETA, a preunderstanding which alters many times during my visit to the Basque country. Keys to understanding the continued existence of ETA is that historical “injustices” are perceived to still exist in the Basque country. Perceptions which question the legitimacy of the Spanish state in the Basque country. Further the social base of ETA, as exemplified in election support for Herri Batasuna (HB), still remains rather strong despite the party‟s illegalization and finally, the perceived lack of a functioning democracy in Spain and the lack of legitimacy of the Spanish state in the Basque country are among the reasons for the continued existence of ETA.

This dissertation examines the Hunt circle's public activities and its historical significance in terms of public-sphere theory proposed by Jurgen Harbermas. Recent studies on Romantic literature have attended to how Romantic writers' literary practices were conditioned upon their contemporary history, as opposed to the traditional notion of Romanticism based on an affirmation of individual creativity. Although these studies meaningfully highlight the historicity inherent in seemingly individualistic Romantic texts, they have frequently failed to assess the way in which this historicity of Romantic texts is connected to Romantic writers' own will to engage with public issues by placing too much emphasis on how history determines individuals' activities. In this sense, the notion of public sphere offers a productive theoretical framework by which to read the historicity of Romantic literature without disavowing an individual writer's role in historical proceedings, since it underscores a historical process in which a communal interaction between individuals constitutes a progress of history. By focusing on this significance of public-sphere theory, this dissertation suggests that the Hunt circle, whose members' communal literary practices were aimed at achieving the public good in the tumultuous post-Napoleonic era, serves as a model of this process-based historical theorization. Chapter I examines the significance of public-sphere theory in assessing how the Hunt circle engaged in its contemporary history. Chapter II elucidates the nature of the public sphere that Leigh Hunt's and his circle's activities created and discusses the problems that this public sphere faced in the historical context of the early nineteenth century. Chapter III shows how the Hunt circle exposed a sense of anxiety and instability in the face of the commercialized literary public sphere by examining John Keats's literary practices. Chapter IV highlights Percy Bysshe Shelley's public ideal which aimed for a unified and inclusive public sphere beyond class boundaries and traces how this ideal was frustrated in the ensuing historical proceedings. Chapter V deals with the final phase of the Hunt circle and its disintegration by observing the ways in which Mary Shelley memorialized the Hunt circle for the feminized reading public of the Victorian period. By illuminating the nature of the Hunt circle's activities for the public, this dissertation ultimately aims to reassess how literary intellectuals in the Romantic period struggled to sustain the traditional calling of men of letters in their contemporary public sphere.

In this paper we consider the exact $D$-optimal design problem for linear trigonometric regression models with or without intercept on a partial circle. In a recent papper Dette, Melas and Pepelyshev (2001) found explicit solutions of approximate $D$-optimal designs for trigonometric regression models with intercept on a partial circle. The exact optimal designs are determined by means of moment sets of trigonometric functions. It is shown that the structure of the optimal designs depends on both the length of the design interval and the number of the design points.

In view of globalization, technology and the influence of the technological progress in transportation, after the opening of the high-speed railway in 2007, the distance from north to south becomes much shorter, thereby pushing through the formation of the one-day living circle. What¡¦s more, due to the development of the metropolitan areas, the gap between urban and rural areas is shortened. Therefore, the primary mission for Taiwan¡¦s administration in the future should be not only to rethink the distribution of the current 23 counties and 358 township cities, but to figure out the appropriate adjustments. With more than 50 years of H.R.(Home Rule) in Taiwan, the relationship between the central government and local ones has been inconsistent. Local governments actively seek to build the major public constructions, such as setting up the Science Park, ports, airports, one characteristic for one town¡Kand so on. However, these phenomena lead to the reduplication of administrative resources, the unequal distribution of social resources, the excessive personnel costs caused by the operation of the system, and the heavy financial burden to local governments. Hence, we must rethink how the regions should be redrawn in coordination with such ways as national land planning, city planning or establishment of divisional laws for administrative regions. This policy-making process not only involves political, administrative, social, legal, and economic dimensions, but also attracts many politicians¡¦ attention. Only through the theories and practice will the sustainable development of Taiwan's system be established. As a result of the necessities and urgency for the redistribution of the administrative regions, this paper, in conclusion, takes the viewpoint of land-planning framework and network , as well as proposes to use the idea of regional government to help all counties solve cross-border governance issues. Furthermore, owing to highly political attention, the issue for the adjustment of administrative division may be settled by civic awareness, promotion of civic accomplishments, or even a referendum in the end.

Abstract The main outline of this paper is divided into six chapters, as follows. Introduction of the first chapter, respectively, describe the motive of writing the purpose of research methods , the main terms and concepts related to a introduced. Chapter II, "the type of juvenile law and basic functional theory", first of all, mainly to clarify the function of model juvenile law and juvenile law related to the basis of a preliminary study to explore the rationale; followed, especially on Taiwan's 1997 amendments to the creation of juvenile law the "concentric circle theory" and the juvenile law system thinking interpretation of it. Chapter III "juvenile protection and international norms", is the first on juvenile protection and the formation of international norms slightly introduction, followed by the current international juvenile most countries signed the protection of international instruments "Convention on the Rights of the Child", "juvenile justice Standard Rules (the Beijing Rules) "," Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty Rules "and" guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines), "notes one by one; Finally, in 2008 occurred in Taiwan's Kaohsiung port by juvenile probation girls shift supervisor incident Cases of view of international norms in our country to implement it or not. Chapter IV, "Taiwan and Japan's juvenile law amending the law History and Trends" to the two most recent content of amending the law (namely, in 2006 the draft amendment of Taiwan's juvenile law and juvenile law in 2000 to amend the content of Japan) for the scene, combined with the theory and practical view, discusses the trend of juvenile law. Chapter V "Taiwan and with Japan's juvenile law more", it has since juvenile law to distinguish between the two countries with the specific provisions of the same comparative study, although the former is the same provisions, but in different field of customs and people, the respective lead drawing a lot of practical life; the latter is looking forward to learning as the domain from the start, trying to inspire a new style of juvenile law. Finally, Chapter VI "Conclusions", in order for both theory and practice in this article, so on Taiwan's current practice of juvenile law to make a benign-depth criticism, as the experience of corroborative evidence, and of amending the law.

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Alaska, 1940. / Alaska "Territorial Department of Mines reports" or "TDM reports" are a collection of reports, notes and maps written by Dept. employees working out of several field offices throughout the territory. Series titles and numbers within the collection were retrospectively assigned with the exception of the few written after statehood (1959). Report contains information on the Yukon River Mining Region, Circle Quadrangle. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 80). Also available in electronic format via Internet.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of amplitude scaling on bimanual coordination in a circle drawing task. Eleven right-handed subjects traced the perimeter of 5 circles measuring 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 cm in diameter under the following coordination conditions: (1) both hands move inward together (symmetric coordination pattern), and (2) both hands move counterclockwise together (asymmetric coordination pattern). In a set of self-paced trials, subjects traced each circle separately at a preferred frequency and separately for each coordination pattern. Although subjects matched the required amplitude of the target circles quite well, radial amplitude variability increased with increasing circle diameter. No transitions or movement reversals were observed in the self-paced trials, and the symmetric pattern was more stable than the asymmetric pattern. In a set of amplitude scaling trials, subjects continuously traced the 5 circles from small (3 cm) to big (15 cm) (SB) and from big to small (BS) at two fixed pacing frequencies (1.25 Hz and 1.5 Hz). Observed cycling frequency decreased with increasing circle diameter, and observed radial amplitude was most accurate when tracing the 9 cm diameter circle, with larger than required amplitude when tracing the 3 cm and 6 cm diameter circles, and smaller than required amplitude when tracing the 12 cm and 15 cm diameter circles. Radial amplitude variability also increased with increasing circle diameter in the amplitude scaling trials. The symmetric coordination pattern was more stable than the symmetric coordination pattern. Transitions from the asymmetric to symmetric coordination pattern as well as movement reversals were observed in both scaling directions. No transitions occurred while producing the symmetric pattern in any scaling direction or pacing frequency condition. The results show that amplitude scaling influenced the spatiotemporal aspects of bimanual circle drawing. Moreover, amplitude scaling induced more transitions than previous research that scaled movement frequency as a control parameter in bimanual circle drawing tasks.