Magister Legum - LLM / In order to understand the context of the research paper, a brief discussion has to be made as to the important fact that a director has to be appointed in a role to assist with the decision-making in running of a company.1 A director is an officer of a company that is ordinarily appointed in order to make daily business reporting, decisions and to take business risks on behalf of the company.2When taking up a position as a director, duties and responsibilities must be fulfilled. A failure to comply with these duties will result in serious consequences for the company and often for the director himself.3 Director’s fiduciary duties previously developed from our common law and was established through the precedents set by our courts.4 These duties were partially codified in the Companies Act 71 of 2008.5 It can be clearly seen that the Companies Act 61 of 1973, only mentions the duties but does not specify directly the types of duties.6 The standard of conduct expected of directors is provided for in section 76 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008.7 Furthermore, section 77 contains the liability of directors for any breach of their duties.8 This raises the point that a director can incur various type of liability for a breach of their duties. The type of liability that can be incur is personal liability and criminal liability.9

No / Not available

Zugl.: Trier, Univ., Diss., 2008

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Imagine un sistema legal en el que se reconozca que la jurisprudencia constitucional es fuente de Derecho y que como tal, debe ser respetada no solo por todos los jueces, sino por todos los funcionarios y órganos del Estado. Imagine además, que en este sistema legal la corte que emite los precedentes cuenta con la potestad de seleccionar qué sentencias merecen el carácter de precedentes vinculantes y cuáles no. Por si fuera poco, dicho sistema legal, preocupado por generar seguridad jurídica al milímetro, concibe la parte vinculante del precedente como un instrumento que se expresa bajo la fórmula de una regla claramente delimitada, elegida por la misma corte que dicta el precedente. Los mecanismos para hacer cumplir el precedente constitucional de este sistema legal son muy rígidos y por lo tanto eficaces. No solo se conmina a los jueces a seguir cabalmente las reglas generales que contienen la parte vinculante del precedente constitucional, sino que se castiga con nulidad a las sentencias que, habiendo adquirido carácter de cosa juzgada, no siguieron el contenido vinculante del precedente. Incluso, se han establecido normas administrativas de sanción dirigidas a aquellos jueces que desobedecen el precedente constitucional, que pueden conducir a la destitución de dichos magistrados. Imagine ahora un segundo sistema legal en el cual la discusión acerca de si la jurisprudencia es una fuente de Derecho o no, resulta irrelevante. En este segundo sistema legal los casos considerados precedentes son usados como argumentos que acompañan a las pretensiones de las partes, manteniéndose abiertos a la interpretación que el juez crea conveniente aplicar. Imagine también, que en este sistema legal un precedente es dejado de lado inmediatamente si una ley dictada por el Parlamento postula el sentido contrario de lo que dicta el precedente judicial. Respecto a las sanciones, este segundo sistema legal no cuenta con una disposición normativa que obligue a los jueces a fundamentar con razones claras y prolijas las sentencias que expiden. Por supuesto, en este sistema legal tampoco se conoce de ninguna norma administrativa que sancione –y menos destituya- a ningún juez por no seguir un precedente específico, ni siquiera el de la Corte Suprema. / Tesis

Digitalisation and convergence continue to transform the ways in which audio-visual content is supplied and consumed. This thesis examines the implications for the legacy regulatory frameworks of the analogue era. It explores the relationship between the prevailing approach to concurrent regulation under sector-specific legislation and general competition law, and the competitive conditions for the supply of premium pay-TV in the UK and Australia. Theories of harm for the assessment of market power relating to horizontal concentration of ownership, exclusive rights and refusal to supply, are also reviewed. Whilst acknowledging an enduring role for sector-specific regulation, the thesis advocates an increasing residual role for the enforcement of general competition law. This is supported by the reinforcing effects of digitalisation and convergence upon the network industry aspect of pay-TV and the multi-sided platform characteristics of pay-TV providers. The thesis identifies the need for greater emphasis on the dynamic aspect of competition in the premium pay-TV context. This calls for a broader conceptualisation of competition which critically reflects the growth of online streaming, the global phenomenon around premium drama and the rise of multi-media firms in a global communications sector. These findings are significant and timely because failure to employ a sufficiently broad concept of effective competition may perversely deter competitive conduct and unduly impede the investment incentives that are critical to premium pay-TV. It may also produce outcomes that are ostensibly inconsistent with the normative basis for sector-specific regulation. The thesis suggests reform at the interface between sector-specific legislation and general competition law, and refinement of the principles of competition law in their application to premium pay-TV. In doing so, it proposes a model of regulation which aims to more effectively balance the shared interest of viewers, as consumers and citizens, in the future development of pay-TV and the wider communications sector.

This thesis explores the impact of the cuts to civil legal aid introduced by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act (2012) (“LASPO”) on the ability of those who are vulnerable to access justice. In doing so it focuses on the experience of UK Law Centres, a network of not-for-profit providers of legal advice and representation. Law Centres were established in the 1970’s as a response to acknowledged deficiencies in the legal aid scheme that existed at this time. Principal amongst these deficiencies was the failure of the scheme to provide legal assistance to those individuals who were most in need of it. Since their inception Law Centres have developed a reputation for specialising in the delivery of legal services to marginalised communities, making them an ideal lens through which to observe the impact of cuts to legal aid on the vulnerable. This thesis explores the relationship between the Law Centres movement and the legal aid scheme; characterising this as one of reluctant yet increasing dependency. By the time LASPO was introduced, contracts for the delivery of legal aid comprised 46% of the funding for Law Centres in England and Wales, leaving Law Centres highly exposed to the swingeing cuts brought about by this legislation. The thesis seeks to understand the impact of LASPO on Law Centres as a movement, and in particular on their ability to deliver services to those individuals who are most vulnerable. In the absence of a consensus definition of what a Law Centre is, the thesis reviews the extant literature on the Law Centres movement to propose an “ideal type” framework of Law Centre values, which can be used as a tool against which to evaluate the impact of different strategies for surviving the cuts. It proposes a novel definition of vulnerability, to assist in assessing whether the strategies adopted by Law Centres in response to LASPO are likely to prove more or less effective in enabling the movement to prioritise delivering their services to those who are in greatest need. The thesis then uses these analytical tools to evaluate the three most popular funding models adopted by Law Centres in response to the cuts, drawing on original empirical research. The thesis concludes that if Law Centres wish to retain both their unique position within the landscape of legal service providers and their ability to support those in greatest need, their response to LASPO must by driven by cognisance of and fidelity to the values that render them distinctive.

No description available.