Bibliography: leaves 125-140 / x, 140, [50] leaves, [3] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agricultural Biochemistry, 1984

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1935. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-37).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Carleton University, 1993. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1985. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-202).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2004. / Advisor: John C. Weaver. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-166) Also available via World Wide Web.

Τα λιποσώματα αποτελούν ένα από τα πιο διαδεδομένα συστήματα μεταφοράς φαρμάκων. Ένα από τα κυριότερα προβλήματά τους αποτελεί η γρήγορη απομάκρυνσή τους από τον οργανισμό που αντιμετωπίστηκε με την επικάλυψη της επιφάνειάς τους με πολυμερή και κυρίως πολυαιθυλενογλυκόλες (PEG). Η ύπαρξη του PEG στην επιφάνεια αύξησε κατά πολύ τον χρόνο παραμονής των λιποσωμάτων στον οργανισμό αλλά λόγω μειονεκτημάτων, όπως το φαινόμενο αυξημένης εκκαθάρισης απ’τον οργανισμό μετά την δεύτερη δόση όπως και η ύπαρξη πολλών πατεντών, δημιουργούν την ανάγκη για την διερεύνηση νέων μορφών επικάλυψης των λιποσωμάτων. Σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας ήταν η σύνθεση νέων λιπιδικών παραγώγων από κυκλοδεξτρίνες και αιθέρες στέμματος και ο σχηματισμός λιποσωμάτων από αυτά τα παράγωγα. Έναυσμα για την χρήση αυτών των χημικών ουσιών αποτέλεσε η ήδη χρησιμοποίηση τους στην μεταφορά βιοδραστικών ενώσεων καθώς και οι χημικές ιδιότητές τους. Θεωρητικά η ύπαρξη ογκωδών υποκαταστατών στην επιφάνεια των λιποσωμάτων προκαλεί στερεοχημική παρεμπόδιση στις αλληλεπιδράσεις με ουσίες στον οργανισμό, που θα μπορούσαν να προκαλούν την γρήγορη εκκαθάριση από τον οργανισμό, αυξάνοντας έτσι τον χρόνο παραμονής τους. Αρχικά συντέθηκαν τα λιπιδικά παράγωγα από DSPE (δι-στεάρυλοφωσφατιδυλοαιθανολαμίνη) και 18-crown-6-ether καθώς και β-κυκλοδεξτρίνη όμως ο καθαρισμός του παραγώγου με την κυκλοδεξτρίνη δεν κατέστει δυνατός και έτσι σχηματίστηκαν λιποσώματα μόνο από το λιπιδικό παράγωγο του αιθέρα στέμματος. Ως υλικά για την παρασκευή των λιποσωμάτων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν φωσφατιδυλοχολίνη αυγού (egg-PC), το λιπιδικό παράγωγο του αιθέρα, δι-στεάρυλοφωσφατιδυλοαιθανολαμινη-πολυαιθυλενογλυκόλη(DSPE-PEG) και χοληστερόλη (CHOL) Παρασκευάστηκαν με την μέθοδο του λεπτού υμενίου πολυστοιβαδιακά λιποσώματα (MLVs) και με την χρήση υπέρηχων (probe sonicator) μικρά μονοστοιβαδιακά λιποσώματα (SUVs) και στη συνέχεια μελετήθηκε η σταθερότητα αυτών σε ορό αίματος χοίρου (FCS) Επίσης, προκειμένου να αποκτηθούν περισσότερες πληροφορίες για τα λιποσώματα που μελετήθηκαν, πραγματοποιήθηκε προσδιορισμός του μεγέθους καθώς και του ζ-δυναμικού. Η μελέτη σταθερότητας των λιποσωμάτων που περιείχαν το λιπιδικό παράγωγο με τον αιθέρα στέμματος έδειξε ότι σε ποσοστά αντίστοιχα με αυτά του PEG ο αιθέρας στέμματος δεν προσδίδει μεγαλύτερη σταθερότητα. Θα μπορούσε να μελετηθεί μια σειρά λιποσωμάτων με μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό του λιπιδικού παραγώγου ούτως ώστε να αυξηθεί ο όγκος των υποκαταστατών στην επιφάνεια των λιποσωμάτων και συνεπώς η παρεμπόδιση των αλληλεπιδράσεων. / Liposomes are one of the most common drug delivery systems. One of their main problems is their rapid clearance from the blood stream which was encountered by coating the surface with polymers and especially poly-ethylenoglyglycols (PEG). The coating of the surface with PEG increased the time of stay of liposomes in the blood stream but due to disadvantages, such as the phenomenon of increased clearance after the second dose as well as the existence of many patents, created the need for new forms of coating of the liposomes. The main purpose of this thesis was the synthesis of new lipidic derivatives from cyclodextrins and crown ethers as well as the formation of liposomes from these novel derivatives. The reason behind the choice of these chemical substances was that they are already being used in drug delivery as well as their chemical properties. In theory the existence of bulk substituents on the surface of liposomes causes stereochemical hindrance in interactions with substances in the body, which could cause the rapid clearance from the body, thereby increasing the time of stay in the blood stream. Initially lipid derivatives from DSPE (di-stearylophosphatidylethanolamine) and 18-crown-6-ether-and β-cyclodextrin were synthesized but the purification of the cyclodextrin derivative was not made possible and thus liposomes were formed only from the crown ether lipid-derivative. As starting material for the formation of liposomes was used egg phosphatidylcholine (egg-PC), the crown ether lipid-derivative, di-stearylophosphatidylethanolamine- polyethyleneglycol (DSPE-PEG) and cholesterol (CHOL). Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) were prepared by the thin film method and with the use of ultrasounds (probe sonicator) small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) were formed, and then their stability in fetal calf serum (FCS) was studied. In addition, in order to obtain more information about the liposomes that were formed, measurements were carried to determine their size as well as magnitude of the z-potential. The study on the stability of liposomes containing the lipid derivative with the crown ether showed that coating of the surface with the crown ether derivative in percentages equivalent to those of PEG does not confer greater stability on the contrary their stability is the same with conventional liposomes. Α study of liposomes with a higher proportion of the lipid derivative in order to increase the bulkiness of the substituents on the surface of the liposomes and thus preventing interactions resulting in the increase of the stability should be considered.

Orientador: Renata Marques de Melo Marinho / Banca: Lafayette Nogueira Junior / Banca : Tarcisio José de Arruda Paes Junior / Banca: Laís Regiane da Silva Concilio / Banca: Marina da Rosa Kaizer / Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar a probabilidade de falha de coroas de zircônia-porcelana com e sem infiltração de sílica (gradação) da zircônia, em disposição tradicional, graduada e bioinspirada, através da análise de Weibull e de elementos finitos pelo critério de Tensão Máxima Principal. Foram utilizados cem preparos anatômicos de primeiro molar superior (26) confeccionados em resina epóxi- Nema G10, que foram divididos em quatro grupos: Tradicional: infraestrutura em zircônia (Zircônia Convencional-Incoris ZI, Sirona, Brasil) e cobertura de porcelana (Cerâmica Feldspática-Cerec Blocs); Graduada: infraestrutura em zircônia infiltrada por sílica e cobertura de porcelana; Bioinspirada: infraestrutura em porcelana e cobertura com zircônia (Zircônia translúcida-Incoris TZI, Sirona, Brasil); e Bioinspirada Graduada: infraestrutura em porcelana e cobertura com zircônia infiltrada por sílica. A porção mais externa de todas as coroas foi revestida com uma camada glaze. A carga para fadiga deslizante foi de 100 N. Então os espécimes foram ciclados mecanicamente em um simulador de ciclos mastigatórios no qual uma ponta aplicadora fez 2.106 ciclos a uma frequência de 4 Hz. A cada 500.000 ciclos as coroas foram avaliadas quanto à presença de falhas (trincas, lascamentos ou descolamento entre porcelana e zircônia, fraturas catastróficas), em estereomicroscópio. Os tipos de falhas predominantes para as coroas Tradicional e Graduada foram delaminação e trincas, respectivamente. Os parâmetros de W... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the failure probability of zirconia-porcelain crowns with and without silica infiltration (graded material) of the zirconia, using traditional, graded and bio-inspired design, through Weibull and finite element analysis by maximum principal stress. One hundred anatomical preparations of first upper molar were made of epoxy resin Nema G10 and divided into four groups: Traditionalzirconia (Conventional zirconia -Incoris ZI, Sirona, Brazil) and porcelain cover (Feldsphatic ceramic-Cerec Blocks); Graded- infrastructure in zirconia silica infiltrated and porcelain cover; Bioinspired- porcelain infrastructure and zirconia cover (Trasnlucent zirconia-Incoris TZI, Sirona, Brazil); and Graded Bioinspired- porcelain infrastructure and zirconia infiltrated by silica cover. The outermost portion of all crowns was coated with a glaze layer. The load for sliding fatigue was 100 N. Then the specimens were mechanically cycled in a masticatory cycle simulator for 2 x 106 cycles at 4 Hz of frequency. Every 500k cycles the crowns were evaluated in stereomicroscope for failures presence (cracks, chipping or detachment between porcelain and zirconia, or catastrophic fractures). The predominant failure types for the Traditional and Graded crowns were delamination and cracking, respectively. The Weibull parameters (beta and eta) with 95% bilateral confidence interval were respectively: Traditional - 1.29 and 0.23 E + 07 cycles; Graded - 1.95 and 0.23 E + 07 cycles; Bioinspired - 1,00 and 1,67 E + 07 cycles and Graded Bioinspired - 1,00 1,67 E + 07 cycles. The Traditional and Graded crowns presented greater susceptibility to failure due to fatigue and the Bioinspired and Graded Bioinspired crowns showed no susceptibility to fatigue. Also, through the finite elements analysis, it was verified that the Bioinspired and Graded Bioinspired crowns presented the ..((Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico) / Doutor

Neste trabalho foi realizada a síntese, purificação e caracterização de uma tetra crowned porfirina, a 5,10,15,20-tetraquis[2-(hexaoxacicloexadecano-3-amidafenil)]-porfirina, H2TCP, bem como a correspondente ferroporfirina, (FeTCP)Cl. Foi investigado a atividade catalítica desta ferroporfirina e da ferroporfirina mono-crowned substituída, (FeMCP)Cl, sintetizada anteriormente, na oxidação dos substratos (z)-ciclooocteno, estireno, cicloexano e do fármaco carbamazepina, por vários oxidantes: iodosilbenzeno, ácido meta-cloroperbenzóico e hipoclorito de sódio, em meio homogêneo (MeOH ou ACN) e bifásico (C2H4Cl2/H2O). Os resultados revelaram que estes sistemas metaloporfirinicos podem ser considerados bons modelos biomiméticos das enzimas citocromo P450, para oxidação dos substrados estudados, levando ao mesmo produto obtido in vivo na oxidação do fármaco carbamazepina, o cabamazepina-epóxido. Os rendimentos dos produtos de oxidação catalisada pelas ferro crowned porfirinas são, na maioria dos casos, mais expressivos do que aqueles observados com as metaloporfirinas amino-substituídas precursoras. Estes resultados indicam que o substituinte éter coroa confere maior estabilidade e reatividade ao catalisador, e leva à maior seletividade, resultado da interação do éter corôa com o substrato, direcionando-o para o sítio catalítico. Uma outra propriedade importante das crowned porfirinas estudadas é sua capacidade de atuar como agente transferidor de fases nas reações em meio bifásico, utilizando hipoclorito de sódio como oxidante. Os resultados catalíticos nestes sistemas mostraram que as unidades éter corôa foram capazes de carregar o oxidante do meio aquoso para o meio orgânico, onde se encontra o substrato. Foram avaliadas também as propriedades destas novas porfirinas e metaloporfirinas em extrair íons metálicos sódio e potássio do meio aquoso para o meio orgânico. As crowned porfirinas foram bastante eficientes na extração destes metais, principalmente utilizando a técnica de extração por fase única, levando a extrações superiores a 90 % do cátion potássio, e mostrando maior seletividade para este cátion, devido ao tamanho adequado da cavidade do éter corôa para ligar este íon. Foi realizada também a caracterização das porfirinas e ferroporfirinas crowned substituídas por voltametria cíclica, visando sua aplicação futura na análise eletroanalítica de íons potássio e/ou sódio. Observou-se que as porfirinas crowned substituídas sofrem reduções mais fáceis e oxidações mais difíceis quando comparadas com as porfirinas precursoras, mostrando o efeito sacador de elétrons dos substituintes éter corôa. Estes resultados ajudam a explicar os melhores resultados catalíticos obtidos com as ferro porfirinas crowned substituídas, mostrando o efeito do éter coroa em formar a metaloporfirina mais eletrofílica e aumentando a reatividade da espécie catalítica. / In this work we carried out the synthesis, purification and characterization of a tetra crowned porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[2- (hexaoxacyclohexanedecane-3-amidephenyl)]porphyrin, H2TCP, and its corresponding ironporphyrin, (FeTCP)Cl. We investigated the catalytic activity of both this ironporphyrin and the previously synthesized mono-crowned substituted (FeMCP)Cl in the oxidation of the substrates Z-cyclooctene, styrene, cyclohexane and the drug carbamazepine by oxidants like iodosylbenzene, metachloroperbenzoic acid and sodium hypochlorite, in homogeneous (methanol or acetonitrile) and biphasic (C2H2Cl2/H2O) media. Our results demonstrated that these metalloporphyrin systems can be considered good biomimetic models of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the case of the substrates studied herein, since they led to the same product obtained in the in vivo oxidation of carbamazepine, the carbamazepine-epoxide. The product yields obtained in the oxidation reactions catalyzed by the crowned ironporphyrins were, in the majority of the cases, higher than those achieved with the precursor aminosubstituted metalloporphyrins. This indicates that the crown-ether substituent renders the catalyst more stable and reactive, thus leading to higher selectivity. This selectivity results from the interaction between the crown-ether and the substrate, which directs the latter toward the catalytic site. Another important feature of the studied crowned ironporphyrins is their ability to act as phase-transfer agent in the reactions carried out in biphasic medium, using sodium hypochlorite as oxidant. The catalytic results using such a system gave evidence that the crown ether entities were capable of carrying the oxidant from the aqueous to the organic medium, where the substrate was located. We also evaluated the ability of these novel porphyrins and ironporphyrins to extract sodium and potassium ions from aqueous solution to organic medium. The crowned porphyrins were efficient at extracting these metals, especially when the one-phase extraction technique was employed, leading to potassium ion extraction as high as 90 %. The complexes were more selective toward this latter ion due to the fact that the size of the crown ether cavity was more suitable for binding the larger K+. The crowned porphyrins and ironporphyrins were also characterized by cyclic voltammetry, aiming at their future application in the electroanalytical determination of sodium and potassium ions. When compared with the precursor aminosubstituted porphyrins, we observed that the crowned porphyrins undergo reduction more easily, but their oxidation is harder to achieve. This gives evidence of the electronwithdrawing effect of the crownether substituent. These results help explain the better catalytic results obtained with the crowned ironporphyrins, showing that the crown-ether entity must render the metalloporphyrin more electrophilic, thus increasing the reactivity of the active species.