This thesis is a socio-legal study of the politics of international law (i.e. the relationship between international law and international politics). There is not necessarily an accepted scope, or even direction, of this relationship but it is widely perceived to be important in international, as well as national, affairs. Still, this relationship needs to be better understood and articulated. This thesis offers a theoretical and empirical account of the phenomenon of the politics of international law, and its implications for the Chechen conflict by exploring how and to what extent one's understanding of the phenomenon is determined by culture, history, political and social context. Part One is an overview of the literature and theoretical approaches to studying the relationship between (international) law and (international) politics, as well as an analysis of sixteen face-to-face semi-structured interviews with practitioners of international law and international politics from different backgrounds and cultures. That leads to a theoretical model which is applied and verified in Part Two, a case study of the Chechen conflict. This focuses specifically on a socio-historical understanding of international law, the humanitarian and human rights movement in Russia, and the relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law in the judgements of the European Court of Human Rights in the so-called Chechen cases. The findings of this study indicate that international politics is highly influenced by international law just as international law is affected by international politics. They both are integral parts of the international system, nevertheless, remain distinct from each other. It is therefore the politics of international law that allows international relations to take place, where politics provides the means by which the negotiations can take place and law creates specific language and provides a framework within which the debates can take place. It demonstrates that the challenges of modern times make that the two become increasingly influential on one another.

L'intérêt de l'enfant est une notion bien connue du droit de la famille des Etats membres du Conseil de l'Europe. C'est sans doute le cas du droit grec de la famille qui érige l'intérêt de l'enfant en règle fondamentale. Or, ce principe cher au droit interne, visant la protection de l'enfant, franchit les frontières nationales et obtient un caractère européen grâce à la jurisprudence européenne concernant la vie familiale. En effet, en statuant sur les « contentieux familiaux européens », le juge de Strasbourg consacre ledit principe, met en avant sa valeur indubitable et forge son contenu de base. Sans imposer d'évaluations uniformes de l'intérêt de l'enfant, la Cour EDH pose les lignes directrices de sa détermination. Toutefois, malgré le dynamisme de la construction jurisprudentielle européenne portant sur l'intérêt de l'enfant dans le cadre de la garantie de la vie familiale, en Grèce l'appréciation dudit intérêt reste pour le moment une question interne. Il n'y a pas de contact entre l'ordre juridique grec et le système de la Convention, puisque le premier ne se réfère pas systématiquement au second et la jurisprudence européenne contre l'Etat grec est isolée / The interests of the child is a well known concept in family law of Council of Europe Member States. Greek family law is not an exception to this rule: the interests of the child is one of its fundamental principles. However, this valuable concept of internal law, aiming at children's protection, has crossed the national borders and gained a European personality thanks to the ECHR case – law concerning family life. While ruling on these cases, Strasbourg Court underlines the significance of the notion and has elaborated its main guidelines without imposing identical evaluations.Despite the activity of the ECHR on this field, interest of child approach is a strictly national issue in Greece. The lack of contact between the Greek law and the ECHR case – law is more than obvious. The former nearly ignores the latter, while the relevant cases against Greece in this area remain few.

This review is an attempt to analyze the published materials on precedent law of the European Court on Human Rights. The article analyzes the case law activity by the European Court on Human Rights, its influences on national legal systems. The precedent law of the European Court on Human Rights is one of the complicated issues, because there is not general theoretical view on it. The precedent law of the Court is developing and gains new features. The Court uses its previous consequences in previous decisions on a subsequent case as a precedent norm. The Court creates a case law system that influences legal reforms in national legal order.

The right to an effective remedy is a fundamental principle of international human rights law, crucial for the protection of individuals, especially for asylum seekers who have faced human rights violations in their countries of origin. Due to the importance of this right, it was included in art. 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), however, this article did not provide a clear definition of what is an effective remedy. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as the judicial body responsible for the application of the ECHR, discussed the right to an effective remedy in many cases in which the applicants claimed that their right to an effective remedy has been violated. The Court did not provide a specific definition rather it provided requirements for a remedy to be effective which will be discussed in this thesis. As the ECHR is applied to "everyone" as provided in article 1 of the Convention, asylum seekers can claim the violations of their right to an effective remedy before the ECtHR. This can provide a significant guarantee in the protection system for asylum seekers in different ways.   Art. 13 of the ECHR stipulated the national authorities are the main responsible for providing the right to an effective remedy. In case the national authorities failed in providing such remedy, hence the role of the ECtHR comes to provide such remedy which is known as the principle of subsidiarity. Also, as asylum seekers are the more vulnerable groups for forcible refoulement, it became important to discuss if the right to an effective remedy can be protect them against such refoulement.   This thesis aims to investigate the right to an effective remedy as evolved by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It analysis the interpretation of this right by the ECtHR to explain its requirements, type, and scope of application, Also, it focuses on the principle of subsidiarity and how it can be applied in this regard. Finally, it discussed the implementation of the right to an effective remedy in conjunction with the principle of non-refoulement to explain the scope of protection that can be guaranteed for asylum seekers against forcible refoulement.

Exposé des raisons de fait et de droit qui fondent le dispositif, « mobiles psychologiques » ayant conduit le juge à se forger sa conviction, telle est la motivation des décisions de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Parce qu'elle cherche à la fois à justifier et à expliquer les choix du juge, la motivation strasbourgeoise ne se conçoit pas comme une simple déduction purement logique. Elle est aussi un acte important de rhétorique. La Cour accorde une importance particulière au fait d'emporter l'adhésion de l'auditoire afin que celui-ci réceptionne de façon spontanée ses décisions et le droit qu'elle produit. C'est en faisant appel à la raison que la Cour entend affirmer son autorité et réaliser la mission qu'elle s'est fixée : former un droit commun européen des droits de l'homme. A la fois moyen de renforcement de la légitimité du juge et condition de la légitimité de ses décisions, la motivation contribue à nourrir la confiance des justiciables et des Etats parties dans la justice européenne. Dotée d'une fonction pédagogique, la motivation permet aussi à la Cour de persuader l'auditoire et d'inciter les Etats à la réception de sa jurisprudence. De ces différentes fonctions découlent alors une certaine manière de motiver. Certes, l'exposé des motifs n'est pas exempt de critiques. Il révèle régulièrement les erreurs, les manipulations et les excès d'un juge au pouvoir normatif certain. Mais le nombre considérable de décisions rendues invite à conclure au caractère satisfaisant de la motivation. Les efforts de la Cour pour construire un style judiciaire de qualité, mais aussi adapter de façon constante le contenu de sa motivation et « coller » de ce fait au plus près des réalités de la société démocratique européenne, doivent en effet être soulignés. / The motivation of the European Court of Human Rights' judgments is based both on the exposition of reasons containing elements of fact and law and on the “psychological motives” that allow the European judge to build up his convictions. The motivation included in the judgment tries both to justify and explain the Court's choice. So, it can't be considered only as a purely logical deduction. It is also an important act of rhetoric. The European Court wishes her audience to accept its case law in a spontaneous and voluntary way. The Court chooses therefore to appeal to good sense rather than constraint to assert its case law authority and so fulfill its long term mission which consists in building a European common law on Human Rights . The motivation contributes to build the legitimacy of the European Court's decisions. It also allows the public and the Contracting States to trust the European justice and to acknowledge the legitimacy of its decisions. It means that the motivation is also a teaching method helping to receive its case law and to accept the European supervision. To achieve this aim, the Court chose different strategies that sometimes show the mistakes, the manipulations or the excesses of the European Court's function. Nevertheless, the general opinion on the Court's motivation is positive and helps to adapt its contents to the realities of the democratic European society. The European Court's efforts to build a quality style of judgments must be also underlined.

- anglicky The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms does not guarantee any right to the environment, in spite of that the European Court of Human Rights developed an extensive environmental case-law. This thesis examines the aforementioned case-law and on the ground of this examination assesses what are the limits of protection granted by the Court to the environment. The thesis focuses particularly on the limb of the case-law in which endangerment of the environment is perceived as violation of certain rights protected under the Convention. Subsequently, from the analysis of the selected cases the conclusion is inferred that the Convention is even in its present-day form an instrument which may contribute to the protection of the environment, nevertheless, its environmental effect in the states which are parties to the Convention will probably not be particularly significant.

Limits of freedom of expression in the light of case-law of the European Court of Human Rights This diploma thesis deals with the freedom of expression and its permissible limits as those declared in Article 10 od the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter referred as "Convention"). Freedom of expression is guaranteed to everyone. However freedom of expression is not absolute, restrictions on freedom of expression by the intervention of the national authorities to individual freedoms is permissable in case of existence any justifiable targets pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 10. We named this procedure by test legality, legitimacy and proportionality. So, in other words, the measures used against a person must be established legal standards, must pursue achieving a legitimate aim and be necessary in a democratic society. European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter "the Court") applies this test whenever it finds existing interference with freedom of expression. It focuses on case law precedents, set by the European Court's of Human Rights (hereinafter referred as "Court"), in cases of complaints for violation of the freedom of expression concerning the admissibility of the use of legitimate aim clauses by national authorities applying law. The structure of the contents of this thesis...

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of wiretapping and interception of telecommunications pursuant to Section 88 of the Czech Criminal Procedure Act. It deals also with the question of the so called metering which is governed by a separate Section within the Czech Criminal Procedure Act, Section 88a. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide thorough analysis of these two legal issues, taking into consideration domestic, international and partially also foreign legal provisions. This thesis is systematically divided into three main chapters which offer sequential elaboration on domestic, "European" and Slovak legislation. Each of these chapters is split into several separate parts. In Chapter One, I outline concept, major principles and procedure applying to wiretapping and interception of telecommunication on one hand, and concept, major principles and procedure applying to metering on the other hand. Issue of application of wiretap and interception of telecommunication obtained from foreign authority, as well as question of usage of acquired e-mail content are dealt with in two separate parts of this chapter. Moreover, I focus on utilization of the intercepted wiretap, in case it has been procured by a private individual. Second Chapter is dedicated to help the reader understand the...

This thesis aims to provide an evaluation of the property aspect of the Cyprus problem. The &#039 / property issue&#039 / is an important aspect of the problem because it concerns the individual human rights and interests of a large population on both sides of the island. Following an introduction and a description of the historical backgroundof the island, there will be a basic account of the Cyprus conflict in order to have a perspective on the disagreement. The bulk of the thesis is then formed by the problem of property in the overall disagreement and both sides&rsquo / arguments towards the issue. After detailing various peace negotiations in relation to the property issue, the involvement of the European Court of Human Rights in the issue will be discussed, including the most recent developments which have since emerged

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