The present essay is the evaluation of women’s conditions and gender equality in the novel, the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. Different conditions of women such as the political, physical, marital and financial are analyzed in Panem society before and after the revolution. It is also discussed, which aspects of women’s lives are improved and which aspects are left unchanged after the rebellion of the novel. How far may revolution and the political system be influential upon the development of women and the decrease in male domination in Panem, as an example of real communities? In the final process of analysis, the lack of meritocracy in Panem society is discussed as the result of gender discriminations or the essence of policy. There are also comparisons between Panem and Greece and their heroes. The result of this comparison is, discovering a fluctuation in values, morals and political thoughts from ancient times up to an unknown future. Katniss as the heroine and the ideal female of society is primarily analyzed in each part, and then the other female characters are explored, depending on their roles and importance in the different parts.

The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization’s Freedom From Hunger Campaign was a world wide campaign to raise awareness of the problem of hunger and malnutrition and possible solutions to that problem. The Campaign was launched in 1960, and brought UN Agencies, governments, NGOs, private industry, and a variety of groups and individuals together in cooperation and common cause. FAO Director- General B.R. Sen used FFHC to modernize the work of international development and to help transform FAO from a technical organization into a development agency. FFHC pioneered the kinds of relationships among governments, governmental organizations, NGOs, and other organizations and agencies taken for granted today. Canada was one of more than 100 countries to form a national FFH committee, and support for the Campaign in Canada was strong. Conditions in Canada in the 1960s favoured the kind of Campaign Sen envisioned, and the ideas underpinning FFHC resonated with an emerging Canadian nationalism in that period. The impact of FFHC can be identified in the development efforts of government, Canadian NGOs, private industries, and a variety of organizations. Significantly, the reorganization of Canada’s aid program and institutions reflected closely developments at FAO and FFHC. Participation in FFHC had important, lasting effects in Canada, and Canada made one of the strongest contributions to the Campaign.

The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization’s Freedom From Hunger Campaign was a world wide campaign to raise awareness of the problem of hunger and malnutrition and possible solutions to that problem. The Campaign was launched in 1960, and brought UN Agencies, governments, NGOs, private industry, and a variety of groups and individuals together in cooperation and common cause. FAO Director- General B.R. Sen used FFHC to modernize the work of international development and to help transform FAO from a technical organization into a development agency. FFHC pioneered the kinds of relationships among governments, governmental organizations, NGOs, and other organizations and agencies taken for granted today. Canada was one of more than 100 countries to form a national FFH committee, and support for the Campaign in Canada was strong. Conditions in Canada in the 1960s favoured the kind of Campaign Sen envisioned, and the ideas underpinning FFHC resonated with an emerging Canadian nationalism in that period. The impact of FFHC can be identified in the development efforts of government, Canadian NGOs, private industries, and a variety of organizations. Significantly, the reorganization of Canada’s aid program and institutions reflected closely developments at FAO and FFHC. Participation in FFHC had important, lasting effects in Canada, and Canada made one of the strongest contributions to the Campaign.

The “Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa in Response to the Food Price Crisis” (UPoCA) project carried out by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture from 2008 to 2010 aimed to assist farmers to increase food security and improve livelihoods through promoting cassava cultivation. In this study, 120 beneficiary households of the UPoCA project in Kasungu and Dowa provinces in Malawi were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire together with key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The aim was to find out their perceptions of the UPoCA project, food security situation and gendered differences, through which sustainability aspects of the project were discussed. Using the SPSS 19 software, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regressions were generated for statistical results. In general, despite issues regarding quality and timeliness of the seed distribution service the majority of the beneficiary households were satisfied with the project stating that it helped improve their food security and livelihoods. However there emerged issues of exclusion of the most vulnerable households and the low participation of female-headed households which were initially targeted by the project. The study also found out the prevalence of seasonal hunger among the studied households and challenges facing the farmers in growing cassava which affect the adoption of the crop and the project’s sustainability. The study suggested that future similar projects should be designed for a longer duration than UPoCA. They should use clear criteria to identify target beneficiaries, exercise thorough monitoring on quality of distributed planting materials and time delivery as well as put more focus on training.

<p>The aim of this study was to examine how food deprivation effects food-related and other behavioural systems of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and the domesticated White Leghorn layers. If an animal is denied to perform their natural behaviours, like eating, sleeping or preening, the motivation for the behaviour can increase. Behavioural systems may interact and motivation to perform behaviours may be influenced. After being deprived of a certain need the reaction can become exaggerated or abnormal. Food deprivation is often used in ethology research to motivate animals. The hypothesis in this study was that the chickens would become affected by the food deprivation and reallocate their behaviours. They would get more stressed and frustrated. Domestication effects and sex differences were explored. The birds were tested in four standardized behavioural tests; food consumption test, general behavioural test, open field test and novel object test. The results showed that they foraged and explored more, had less comfort behaviours, and less perching the longer they had been without food. They did not show a higher degree of frustration, stress or aggressive behaviours. There were domestication effects, where the Leghorns seem to have lost some of their ability to respond adaptively to food shortage. Differences between the sexes were found, where the females foraged more and the males were more stressed. The conclusion was that the birds do not get more stressed when food deprived, but they forage and explore more which is a desirable effect of food deprivation used in ethology research.</p>

Animals can associate orosensory characteristics from food with postingestive effects and adjust meal size to prevent energy deficit. By using odor-fasting duration conditioning, two studies were conducted to test the above hypothesis. In the first study, thirteen male and eleven female adult Wistar rats were given 1.5 hours to ingest a casein-based test-meal odorized by either vanilla or chicken flavor prior to a 4-hour short-fast or a 12-hour long-fast. Rats went through the training phase with a pseudo-random sequence of six duplicates of each odor-fasting pairing over four experimental days, followed by an odor preference test. Gender differences may exist regarding hunger perception because only females were capable of adjusting meal size according to the postprandial fast duration. A second study was conducted to examine whether a sugar-rich meal can improve acquisition of anticipatory satiety through memory enhancement. Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a sugar-rich or a protein-rich test-meal prior to the post-prandial fasts. Rats were conditioned in a similar fashion to the first study except that different odors were used, postprandial fasts were shortened to 3 and 10 hours, whereas training phase was elongated to eleven duplicates and followed by an extinction phase. Both dietary groups acquired the anticipatory satiety. However, probably due to the carbohydrate-induced overeating, the sugar-rich group in contrast to the protein-rich group, exhibited a delayed learning in meal-size adjustment prior to a short fast. The above studies demonstrated the existence of gender and macronutrient differences in food intake regulation.

Obesity has risen drastically in the past few decades. Some experts contribute this to an increased prevalence of eating food away from home and consuming large portion sizes. A popular discussion in policy and legislation arenas has been mandatory implementation of nutrition information on restaurant chain menus. Menu labeling in restaurants that have 20 or more locations nationally was first implemented by New York City in an effort to increase consumer awareness of the calorie content of menu entrees. Since New York City’s implementation of restaurant menu labeling in 2008, there have been conflicting studies on whether nutrition menu labeling improves consumers’ selection of healthier menu items. Conducted on consumers in Lexington, Kentucky, this study focuses on factors influencing nutrition information on restaurant menus. This experimental research design included one menu with calorie information next to the menu items while the other menu did not provide calorie information. Also, this study compares the level of hunger of participants to their restaurant menu selection and participant’s BMI status to their restaurant menu selection. This study shows that when calorie information is provided, it does not influence the participants purchasing behavior.

The Relationships Between Real Time Energy Balance, Hunger, and Body Composition Delk A, Benardot D, Nucci A, & Thompson WR. Georgia State University Introduction: Previous research has indicated that hunger is associated with the quantity, volume, and macronutrient composition of food intake. Hunger has never been assessed from the viewpoint of real time energy balance, although there is limited research on hunger and eating frequency. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between real time energy balance, hunger, and body composition in college students between the ages of 18-30. Methods: Participants were assessed for body composition using a Tanita scale and energy balance was determined on an hourly basis using NutriTiming® software. A hunger scale was used to assess participant hunger every hour. Results: There is a statistically significant relationship for the entire population between energy balance average and body fat percent (R= -0.376; P=0.037). Hours spent in energy deficient is positively associated with body fat percent (R=0.467; P=0.008), while hours spent in an optimal energy balance is negatively associated with body fat percent (R= -0.465; P=0.009). Hours spent in an energy balance surplus (+400 kcals) were not significantly associated with body fat percent. However, hours spent in an anabolic state (>0 kcals) was negatively associated with body fat percent (R=-.457; P=.010). Conversely, hours spent in a catabolic state (<0 kcals) were positively associated with body fat percent (R=.457; P=0.10). Using linear regression analysis with body fat percentage as the dependent variables and age, height, weight, gender, and hours in optimal energy balance, we determined that we could predict a large amount of variance in body fat percentage (R= .931; P= <.001). The only time during the day that there was a significant correlation between body fat percent and hunger was at 5pm (R= -0.391, P = 0.029). Conclusions: These data suggest that that the more time spent in energy deficit is associated with a higher body fat percent. This should encourage college students between the age of 18-30 to avoid restrictive eating patterns and strive to maintain optimal energy balance in order to achieve a low body fat percent.

Thesis (M.Div. with Concentration : Christian Ministries)--Emmanuel School of Religion, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).

Thesis (M.A. (Anthropology)) -- University of Pretoria, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.