This dissertation examines the efforts of Pacific internationalists in the years during and after World War II to forge private intellectual connections between the West and Asia. One of the most prominent groups in this movement was the Institute of Pacific Relations (1925-61), an international non-governmental organization that nurtured a trans-Pacific community of scholars, businessmen and diplomats through research projects and international conferences. In evaluating the work of these internationalists during the postwar period, this dissertation challenges conventional Cold War historiography that has marginalized such cooperative efforts during these years. Previous scholarship concerning the Institute of Pacific Relations has noted the way in which the organization fell victim to anti-communist politics in the United States, yet no studies have examined the records of its postwar conferences, which reveal an active international agenda well into the 1950s. The support of Asian members for such trans-Pacific ties, moreover, provides a counter-narrative to the story of revolutionary nationalism and third-world solidarity among emerging Asian and African countries during this period. The Institute of Pacific Relations acted as a valuable asset in the struggle for the “mind of Asia,” this dissertation argues, largely because its leadership did not conform to the prevailing Cold War mindset. As a private international organization, the IPR provided a venue for unofficial dialogue among private elites who at once confronted and transcended the geopolitical restrictions of their time. In maintaining private East-West partnerships through such turbulent years, these Pacific internationalists set the stage for regional cooperative ventures to flourish later in the twentieth century. / text

Kinetic properties of the two proteases, causing textural degradation of Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) during heating, were compared and characterized with the synthetic substrate, Z-Phe-Arg-NMec. Pacific whiting P-I and P-II showed the highest specificity on Z-Phe-Arg-NMec, specific substrate for cathepsin L. The K [subscript m] of preactivated P-I and P-II were 62.98 and 76.02 (μM), and k [subscript cat], 2.38 and 1.34 (s⁻¹) against Z-Phe-Arg-NMec at pH 7.0 and 30°C, respectively. Optimum pH stability for preactivated P-I and P-II is between 4.5 and 5.5. Both enzymes showed similar pH-induced preactivation profiles at 30°C. The maximal activity for both enzymes was obtained by preactivating the enzyme at a range of pH 5.5 to 7.5. The highest activation rate for both enzymes was determined at pH 7.5. At pH 5.5, the rate to reach the maximal activity was the slowest, but the activity was stable up to 1 hr. P-I and P-II shared similar temperature profiles at pH 5.5 and pH 7.0 studied. Optimum temperatures at pH 5.5 and 7.0 for both proteases on the same substrate were 55°C. Significant thermal inactivation for both enzymes was shown at 75°C. Preactivated P-I and P-II displayed a similar first order thermal inactivation profile at pH 7.0. At 30 and 90°C, half lives, t [subscript 1/2], for Pacific whiting P-I were 49.50 and 0.20 min and for P-II, 32.54 and 0.18 min, respectively. The rate constant of inactivation for both proteases increased about 200-fold between two limits, 30 and 90°C. Half lives at 55°C, optimum temperature, for P-I and P-II were also determined to be 5.29 and 6.75 min. The increase in thermal inactivation rate constants independent of substrates corresponded to an activation energy for heat denaturation of 21.18 kcal/mol for P-I and 19.97 kcal/mol for P-II by Arrhenius plot. These similar kinetic properties, i.e., kinetic parameters, pH profile and thermal inactivation rate constant, suggested that Pacific whiting P-I and P-II are the same enzyme. / Graduation date: 1994

Graduation date: 1969

The warm pool region of the western tropical Pacific is of particular interest to atmospheric dynamics because it represents a significant source of energy to the atmosphere. A better understanding of heat transfer driven by mesoscale and turbulent circulations within this region could lead to improved global circulation models, and therefore to improved prediction of global weather patterns. A first step to this understanding is to evaluate empirical data as well as the methods used to estimate heat transfer, or heat flux, at the surface. Of specific interest here are latent heat flux, the heat transfer associated with evaporation, and sensible heat flux, the heat transfer associated with convection and conduction. In this paper, two different methods of turbulent flux calculation, eddy correlation and the bulk aerodynamic method are compared. Eddy correlation directly uses turbulence measurements to estimate heat flux whereas the bulk aerodynamic method relies on similarity theory to relate heat flux to mean flow quantities. A brief discussion of selection of averaging length based on flight altitude is included, as well as a comparison of errors introduced in averaging velocity as a scalar or as a vector. Errors introduced by averaging, including mesoscale flux enhancement, are evaluated for strong and weak wind cases during relatively light convection in the region. Finally, month to month variability in heat flux is evaluated in an effort to further understand the accuracy of various approximations used in flux calculation. / Graduation date: 2002

Data from the Surveyor 1968 Spring cruise were used to study the vertical distribution of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization, pH, alkalinity, specific alkalinity and percent saturation of calcite in two sections, one along 162°W from 35°N to 45°N and the other along 180°W from 35°N to 50°N. Data from this cruise and additional data from the Surveyor 1968 Fall cruise, YALOC 66 cruise (summer) (Barstowetal, , 1968) and Boreas cruise (winter, 1966) (SIO reports, 1966) were used to study the distribution of salinity, temperature, apparent oxygen utilization, preformed phosphate and depth on the sigma-t surfaces of 26.8 and 27.3 in an area between 35°N and 52°N and 162°W and 155°E. In both sections the vertical distribution of the physico-chemical parameters is such that in general there is a tendency for the isograms to slope upward from south to north following the same trend of the sigma-t surfaces. This indicates that mixing and advection along the sigma-t surfaces play an important role on the distribution of these parameters. AOU data from YALOC 66 cruise (summer) compared to that from Surveyor 1968 Spring cruise suggest that aeration by mixing, eddy diffusivity and conductivity takes place to more than 500 meters depth at about 50°N. It also suggests that the changes of organic primary production at the euphotic zone during different seasons of the year may affect to a great extent the AOU distribution on the 26.8 sigma-t surface and to a very small extent on the 27.3 sigma-t surface. The direction of flow suggested by the AOU distribution on the 26.8 and 27.3 sigma-t surfaces was compared to that indicated by the acceleration potential contours on the S[subscript t] = 125 cl/ton and S[subscript t] = 80 cl/ton surfaces drawn by Reid (1965). The disagreements were explained in terms of mixing and possible gradients of primary production at the sea surface. On the 26.8 sigma-t surface a southward flow connecting the westward flow south of the Aleutian chain and the eastward flow farther south, between 175°E and 180°W is suggested by the AOU distribution but not by the acceleration potential contours. If the circulation pattern at this density surface is similar to that at the sea surface, this linkage is very likely to be real. / Graduation date: 1970

Graduation date: 1969

Understanding how large-scale processes (>100 kms) influence ecological communities is currently a major focus in ecology. In marine systems, coastal upwelling, a large-scale oceanographic process in which surface water pushed offshore by winds is replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water from depth, appears to cause variation in rocky intertidal communities. Along the central Oregon coast upwelling occurs intermittently during the summer while on the southern coast it begins earlier in the spring and is less variable throughout the summer. Coastal upwelling can affect rocky intertidal communities by altering the delivery of nutrients, larvae, and phytoplankton. I conducted three studies on both the southern and central Oregon coast to understand how differences in upwelling affect rocky intertidal community structure and dynamics. In the first study, I examined the recruitment and growth rates of sessile invertebrates (mussels and barnacles). Recruitment of both mussels and barnacles, and growth of mussels were consistently higher on the central Oregon coast than the southern coast. Upwelled water is nutrient-rich, so differences in upwelling are likely to affect growth rates of macroalgae. In the second study, I tested this hypothesis by monitoring the growth of two species of intertidal kelp at both central and southern coast sites. During El Ni��o years, when upwelling is sharply reduced on the central Oregon coast, algae may fare better at sites on the southern coast where upwelling is less affected. However, during years when upwelling is strong all along the coast, nutrient limitation does not appear to differentially affect macroalgal growth rates. Finally, in the third study, I examined the influence of upwelling on the interactions between microalgal primary producers and herbivorous limpets. I conclude that this interaction is complex and varies both within and between upwelling regions. My research suggests that a transition in upwelling from weak and sporadic on the central Oregon coast to stronger and more persistent on the southern Oregon coast drives the striking differences in rocky intertidal community structure and dynamics between these areas. / Graduation date: 2003

Changes in the federal farm program, in rainfall pattern and quantity, and increased incidence of herbicide resistant weeds and diseases have generated increased interest in spring grains in the Pacific Northwest. However, spring grains have traditionally been treated as minor crops in this region, thus little research has been done on them. Complicating the situation is the diversity in spring growing conditions as well as crops grown. This study was conducted to a) assess the impact of seeding date on the growth and development of the spring grains and b) to determine the differences or extent of differences among genetically diverse grains. Planting date and cultivar had significant effects on number of leaves and tillers as well as dry matter production. The differences among planting dates were mainly as a result of variations in temperature, though soil moisture was of significance in some cases. Among the cultivars, Alpowa had a high tillering rate, while Westbred936 was poor. The leaves of the cultivars generally emerged at a constant rate (with a few exceptions) within a given planting date, but rates differed among planting dates. Though significant differences in rate of leaf emergence were observed among cultivars, rate of leaf emergence in wheat as a group was not significantly different from that of the barley or oat cultivar evaluated. Phyllochron decreased with later sowing in only the first year. In the second year, no consistent increase or decrease in phyllochron with planting date was observed. Rate of dry matter production followed an inverse quadratic polynomial trend. Rate increased slowly during early growth and later rising sharply as plant matured regardless of planting date. Among the cultivars, barley plants showed clear superiority in dry matter accumulation. This is likely the reason why barleys seemed to show superior growth to all the other cultivars. A relationship between vegetative growth and grain yields was observed; however, assimilate redistribution was also found to play significant role. Results obtained were a clear reflection of differences in environmental conditions for each year. / Graduation date: 2000

The Cascadia subduction zone has been characterized as a typical Chilean-type subduction zone based on qualitative comparisons of plate age and convergence rate, with simple forearc structure. However, the discovery of unusual structural styles of deformation, variations in the morphology of the forearc, and its absence of seismic activity suggest differences from the Chilean analog. The manuscripts presented here (McNeill et al., 1997, in press, submitted) illustrate this complexity and provide examples of contrasting deformation throughout the offshore forearc. The Washington and northern Oregon shelf and upper slope are characterized by extension in the form of listric normal faults. These faults have been active since the late Miocene and are driven by detachment and extension of the underlying overpressured m��lange and broken formation. This region of the forearc is partly to wholly decoupled from convergence-driven compression which dominates deformation elsewhere in the forearc. One exception to convergence-driven compression is a region of N-S compression of the inner shelf and coastal region which reflects the regional stress field. N-S compressional structures apparently influence the positions of coastal lowlands and uplands and may contribute to the record of coastal marsh burials interepreted as the result of coseismic subsidence during subduction zone earthquakes. Modeling of subduction zone earthquake characteristics based on marsh stratigraphy is likely to be inaccurate in terms of rupture zone position, magnitude, and recurrence interval. The Cascadia shelf and upper slope are underlain by a sequence of deformed basinal strata which reflects the tectonic evolution of the margin. The surface of a regional late Miocene angular unconformity (7.5-6 Ma: a global hiatus) indicates deformation by uplifted submarine banks and subsided synclines (coincident with low recent uplift onshore), which control the current shelf break position. The basin is currently filled behind a N-S-trending outer-arc high, which uplifted in the early-middle Pliocene following truncation and erosion of the seaward edge of the basin. Breaching of the outer-arc high occurred in the early Pleistocene leading to the formation of the Astoria Submarine Fan and increased growth rates of the accretionary wedge. / Graduation date: 1999

Graduation date: 1998