June 2016 Submitted to the faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology by Dissertation only. / Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent form of violence experienced by women in South Africa. It is estimated that 31.8% of young men aged 15-26 years perpetrate sexual and physical violence against their intimate partner. Studies with women also report high incidents of IPV victimisation from adolescents. The subtle and nuanced social dynamics of IPV are less understood owing to little qualitative research on IPV with youth in Black South African townships. Research aim and objectives: This study explored how young people aged 15-20 years from Soweto, Johannesburg perceive and experience IPV. The proposed objectives were: To obtain young people’s views on IPV, to explore young people’s understandings of their experiences of IPV, and to analyse discourses of IPV. Research methods: Thirteen participants were recruited through snowballing from different townships in Soweto including Pimville as an entry point. In-depth, face-to-face and semi-structured interviews were used to collect audio-recorded data. Thematic Analysis (TA) process assisted to group themes together to enable the researcher to execute the discourse analysis. Discourse analysis was used to analyse the data. To begin the analysis the researcher read each transcript carefully to achieve data immersion. The researcher re-read the transcripts with the aim of coding. The researcher analysed each transcript manually. The supervisor and researcher then went through the codes and agreed on codes to develop the codebook that answer the research aim and objectives. For this study data were analysed separately by gender because the researcher wanted to compare young men and women’s similarities and differences about their understanding of IPV and be able to understand social construction of IPV. Findings: The research contributed to fill a knowledge gap on perceptions and experiences of IPV among young people from a black South African township. Participants reported direct and indirect experiences of IPV. Young men and women perceived violence differently. Men were mostly perpetrators and women the victims. Traditional and cultural beliefs and values of femininity and masculinity seemed to precipitate violence in relationships, as men and women are modelled and ascribed gender roles by their parents and society. Alcohol and drug abuse contribute towards violence in relationships. In this study young people’s narratives reported similar findings where men after drinking used violence towards their partners. Victim assistance from onlookers depended on the relationship with the victims. Women with multiple partners or women who confront their partner about their infidelity were reported to fuel violence. Discussions: This study indicated that young people are exposed to violent behaviour as it was reportedly common to see boyfriends beating their girlfriends either publicly or privately. In addition, young people’s exposure to violence was either directly or indirectly. Young people also reported women as victims of violence and men as perpetrators of violence. This was evident as few participants themselves report exposure to partner violence. Through exposure to violence during childhood, young people witness and learn the same patriarchal behaviour that their fathers use when chastising their mothers. Men, who grew up having been exposed to their fathers using violence to discipline their partners, might also use violence in their own relationships. These behaviours legitimise the use of violence against women in relationships. It is possible that young people hold on to the behaviour while transitioning into adulthood. The violent behaviour is precipitated by the construction of hegemonic masculinity. Young people recognised that violence against women is an unacceptable behaviour and in order to eliminate IPV the constructed harmful ideas of masculinity will have to be challenged. Recommendations: Young people should be educated on reproductive health, and gender-based violence and intimate partner violence. The implementation of youth friendly facilities by department of health that assist young people in violent relationships by empowering them with education about violence. Encouragement of young people to speak about their violent experiences to eliminate perceptions of IPV as a private matter. Modelling of culture and traditions beliefs by parents and society that promote gender quality and awareness of violence through school curriculums. Young people should be educated about implications of substance use such: contracting HIV and sexual transmitted infections related diseases, unplanned pregnancy and gender based violence. Implementation of police empowerment programmes that deals with intimate partner violence. Conclusions: This study evidently shows that young people are aware of IPV happening amongst them. Young people indicated that IPV is not acceptable and distanced themselves from the behaviour. This study contributed an understanding of how young black people from the townships perceived and experienced IPV. Key words: Qualitative research design, discourse, gender-based violence, intimate partner violence, Soweto Johannesburg, townships, young people, dating violence, social learning theory, patriarchy, socially constructed, adolescence, perpetration and victimisation of intimate partner violence, violence against women, gender roles, inter-personal violence, intimate relationships.

Thesis advisor: Lisa A. Goodman / Intimate partner violence (IPV) and its substantial consequences remain widespread for LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) individuals (Balsam, Rothblum, & Beauchaine, 2005; Walters, Chen, & Breidig, 2013). LGBTQ IPV survivors are particularly vulnerable to identity abuse: tactics leveraging heterosexism and cissexism (FORGE, 2014; NCDSV, 2014). Past research has documented the existence of LGBTQ-specific identity abuse as a unique dimension of victimization (Balsam & Szymanski, 2005; FORGE, 2014; NCDSV, 2014), with limited attention to those at greatest risk despite the diversity of the LGBTQ community. Participants who identified as LGBTQ (n = 734; 53% cisgender women; 39% queer or pansexual; 84% White; Mage = 33.48) completed surveys that assessed their exposure to identity abuse (7-items; α = .79), physical and sexual abuse (20-items; α= .89) and psychological abuse (14-items; α = .87), and other demographics. The data were analyzed to determine 1) whether there were demographic differences in exposure to identity abuse, 2) whether identity abuse contributed to variance in PTSD or depression scores; and, 3) whether the relationships between identity abuse and PTSD and depression scores were moderated by affirmative LGBTQ identity. Findings indicated that there were significant differences in identity abuse exposure by gender and sexual orientation. With regard to gender, ANOVA analyses revealed transgender or nonbinary-identified individuals reported higher rates of past year identity abuse exposure than cisgender males and cisgender females. Also, cisgender females were most likely to report adult exposure to identity abuse compared to transgender or nonbinary-identified individuals and cisgender males. Queer-identified individuals were most likely to report adult exposure to identity abuse compared to lesbian, bisexual, and gay-identified individuals. Identity abuse contributed to the variance in symptoms of PTSD and depression. This relationship remained significant even after accounting for exposure to other forms of violence (e.g., psychological abuse and physical abuse). Further, an affirmative LGBTQ identity indeed weakened the relationship between exposure to past year and adult identity abuse, respectively, and depressive symptoms. However, there was no moderating effect found for symptoms of PTSD. These results add to existing IPV literature by identifying particular subgroups within the LGBTQ community who are at greater risk of identity abuse exposure within intimate partner relationships, suggesting that exposure to identity abuse contributes to poorer mental health outcomes, and indicating that affirmative LGBTQ identity is a protective factor that could be utilized in intervention and prevention efforts. As a whole, these results highlight the need for increased awareness of identity abuse within the LGBTQ community, as well as routine and comprehensive assessment for identity abuse exposure by service providers. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

No description available.

This study focused on 24 female and male respondents. The literature on presidential partners was lacking. The literature available was over 20 years out of date, had been conducted by university presidential partners on behalf of national presidential associations, and assumed that the presidential partner was female, White, educated, and upper-class. Contemporary information was limited to trade magazines and newspaper articles. The methodology used was Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) naturalistic inquiry paradigm and the framework was role theory according to Biddle and Thomas (1966). The study explored the participant’s experience in responding to the university’s traditional role expectations and taking into account the intersecting factors of gender, ethnicity, social class, and/or sexual orientation and showed how these factors affected their personal and university work. African Americans, Latinas, Asian Americans, Whites, interracial partnerships, and a same sex partnership were part of the study. The study was significant because it was the first study on presidential partners in over 20 years, the first qualitative research study, and conducted by a non-presidential partner. In addition, the respondent pool was diverse in ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Significant findings included episodes of racism in the form of death threats and anonymous hate mail; and, discrimination based on the presidential partner’s gender, culture, religion, social class and/or sexual orientation. The university’s patriarchal role expectations continued to exploit and marginalize the female presidential partner and, to a smaller degree, the male presidential partner. Four primary role expectations were identified that impacted both female and male presidential partners. Findings showed that some of the presidential partners continued to work on their career and their partner’s career simultaneously. As a result of the university’s patriarchal expectations and the lack of organizational support and recognition of the presidential partner, the female presidential partner stated that their career was essential for financial security. Numerous recommendations for practice and further research were reported. These findings will contribute to the research fields in higher education administration, organizational structures, social constructivism, sociology, woman studies, male studies, GLBT issues, mental health, marriage and family, psychology and other fields of knowledge.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as any violent or ill intended behavior that could cause harm to the other person within the confines of an intimate relationship. IPV has very serious consequences for the individual, the community, and the larger society. Much of what is known about IPV comes from studies conducted in the U.S. or other Western countries. However, women who live in developing countries have an increased risk of experiencing IPV because of poor living conditions and different social norms. Yet, little is known about specific risk factors and intervention approaches for IPV conducted in developing countries. Consequently, this thesis will focus on IPV risk factor research and interventions that have taken place in countries in Africa. To date there has not been a systematic review of this work. The project will help identify risk factors for IPV in an African context, and to determine what intervention approaches appear successful and which are not.

No description available.

This study focused on 24 female and male respondents. The literature on presidential partners was lacking. The literature available was over 20 years out of date, had been conducted by university presidential partners on behalf of national presidential associations, and assumed that the presidential partner was female, White, educated, and upper-class. Contemporary information was limited to trade magazines and newspaper articles. The methodology used was Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) naturalistic inquiry paradigm and the framework was role theory according to Biddle and Thomas (1966). The study explored the participant’s experience in responding to the university’s traditional role expectations and taking into account the intersecting factors of gender, ethnicity, social class, and/or sexual orientation and showed how these factors affected their personal and university work. African Americans, Latinas, Asian Americans, Whites, interracial partnerships, and a same sex partnership were part of the study. The study was significant because it was the first study on presidential partners in over 20 years, the first qualitative research study, and conducted by a non-presidential partner. In addition, the respondent pool was diverse in ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Significant findings included episodes of racism in the form of death threats and anonymous hate mail; and, discrimination based on the presidential partner’s gender, culture, religion, social class and/or sexual orientation. The university’s patriarchal role expectations continued to exploit and marginalize the female presidential partner and, to a smaller degree, the male presidential partner. Four primary role expectations were identified that impacted both female and male presidential partners. Findings showed that some of the presidential partners continued to work on their career and their partner’s career simultaneously. As a result of the university’s patriarchal expectations and the lack of organizational support and recognition of the presidential partner, the female presidential partner stated that their career was essential for financial security. Numerous recommendations for practice and further research were reported. These findings will contribute to the research fields in higher education administration, organizational structures, social constructivism, sociology, woman studies, male studies, GLBT issues, mental health, marriage and family, psychology and other fields of knowledge.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem that causes a devastating effect on the survivors and their families, society and health care services. World Health Organization (2004) conducted multi-country study which shows the prevalence of female who were the survivors of IPV among the world ranged from 15% to 71%. Smith and Farole (2009) reflected that about 86% IPV was committed against women by men. Lau (2008) found the male to female ratio of IPV in Hong Kong was 1 to 7. In order to reduce IPV, the first step is screening (Leppa?koski, Astedt-Kurki, & Paavilainen, 2011). Self-disclosure of IPV is rare and unlikely (Todahl & Walters, 2011; Phelan, 2007; Schimanski & Hedgecock, 2009; Stith et al., 2004). Most of the survivors of IPV were not easily identified by nurses and doctors (Leppa?koski, Astedt-Kurki, & Paavilainen, 2011). Human, social, and economic cost of IPV is high. Early IPV screening is important. Early detection of IPV can help the survivors of IPV to have early intervention and prevention of future episodes (Perciaccante, Carey, & Dodson, 2010). Campbell (2002) also stated that routine screening maybe the most effective way to identify IPV. Mortality and morbidity can be reducing and it does more good than harm (Schimanski & Hedgecock, 2009). Lau (2008) stated that Emergency Department (ED) was an ideal place to study IPV in Hong Kong as police, primary care, social workers referred most IPV survivors to ED for further management. However, there is no routine screening of IPV in Hong Kong ED. The objectives of the dissertation are to search the literatures of screening of female IPV in ED and then conduct a quality assessment from these chosen literatures to synthesis the findings. The transferability and feasibility of the findings of the selected is assessed. The last objective is to develop an evidence based guideline, implementation and evaluation plan for application of routine IPV screening in Hong Kong ED. / published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

Previous research suggests that spouse factors contribute to the course and outcomes of cardiac illness. The present study examined spouse confidence in patient efficacy, spouse psychological distress, and spouse involvement in the research project as predictors of patient participation in Phase-II cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and subsequent changes in patient health and weekly exercise in a sample of 128 cardiac patients. Spouse confidence in patient efficacy predicted the number of CR sessions attended by male patients, independent of patients' own self-efficacy ratings, and spouse psychological distress predicted CR program completion among female patients, independent of patients' own distress. Spouse confidence also independently predicted increases in male and female patients' weekly exercise at six-month follow-up. Patients whose spouses participated in the study attended more CR exercise sessions and were more likely to complete the CR program than patients whose spouses did not take part in the study. Spouse involvement in the study also predicted positive health change at six-month follow-up among female patients. Results provide preliminary evidence that spouse factors can have predictive utility in the context of Phase-II CR, and contribute to research on the behavioral pathways via which psychosocial factors are linked to cardiac health outcomes.

Anhörigvårdsom innefattar vård av partner är något som blivit allt mer vanligt. Detta pågrund av ekonomiska nedskärningar inom vårdorganisationen, brist påsjukhusplatser samt ökad livslängd hos befolkningen. Syftet med studien var attsynliggöra hur relationen påverkas av att vårda eller att vårdas av sinpartner. Studien är en litteraturöversikt där 17 artiklar valdes ut efterkvalitetsgranskning, då samtliga besvarade syftet. Ur artiklarna framkomresultatet där fyra teman synliggjordes, trygghetoch belastning i relationen, förändrade roller, avsexualiserad relationsamt minskat socialt liv. Det ärviktigt i sjuksköterskans hälsofrämjande arbete att vara medveten omanhörigvårdens positiva och negativa inverkan i människors liv, för att kunnaförhålla sig till situationen på bästa sätt. Då endast begränsad forskningfinns inom området vård av maka/make bör forskningen utökas och bli meromfattande för att individer inte skall lida i tystnad och utveckla ohälsa.