University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

This diploma thesis deals with the selected institutes and specifics of patent law in pharmaceutical industry. The aim is to analyze and critically evaluate these institutes and specifics. Although the topic requires a certain overlap into different scientific fields, the thesis emphasizes on the legal aspects of these institutes. The thesis is based on the Czech legislation; however, many chapters require an insight into the European or/and international legal context. Furthermore, the case law of a foreign court and the European Patent Office is also presented. To begin with, the thesis deals with definitions of the key terms of a patent law and presents a brief overview of the legislation on the national level as well as internationally. In the next chapter the area of pharmaceutical industry is introduced, more specifically its historical background and a specific terminology used in such area. The thesis contains a chapter dealing with the area of biotechnology as well. In the crucial part of this thesis, firstly general requirements for patentability of inventions are defined and the question of patentability of biotechnological inventions is evaluated. The attitude towards patentability of genetic modifications and cloning is evaluated more closely. Furthermore the requirements of the gene's...

M.Phil. (Information Management) / The purpose of this study was to establish what the current situation is within the South African pharmaceuticals industry's competitive intelligence (CI) capacity. For a developing country such as South Africa, its political history and newly acquired democracy clearly make it vulnerable to the competitiveness of globalisation. South Africa faces a massive challenge to implement quality social and economic policies to redress the wrongs of the past. In so doing, it continues to disrupt natural market forces through legislation and policies. It has set a goal of optimal growth by 2018 for the pharmaceutical industry. Despite government s promotion of research and the funding of certain aspects of the industry, to date the strategy seems to have failed. The question can therefore be asked whether a legal and ethical business tool such as CI assist in the industry s defence against competitive markets and whether senior management can make use of CI s capacity to help with strategic planning, thereby enhancing decision-making. The findings of the study confirmed that CI activity takes place in the pharmaceutical industry. The study is mainly descriptive. A questionnaire survey methodology was used. Questionnaires were administered electronically to senior managers in the industry. The majority of the respondents were of the opinion that a culture of information sharing and an environment of collaboration on competitive issues existed in their companies. Furthermore, they endorsed the fact that CI generates profit. Respondents confirmed that CI is used on a continuous basis in strategic decision-making and that company strategies are being used to manage competitors.

The purpose of this study was to find differences, in degree of "skepticism" about the manufacturing and marketing of drugs, among groups of medical doctors categorized according to training and experience, "Skepticism" was measured by a questionnaire prepared by the Department of Pharmacology with the collaboration of the Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia. The questionnaire was composed of eighteen statements representing issues about the manufacturing and marketing of drugs; "skepticism" was measured by degree of agreement or disagreement with each statement, expressed on a four-point response scale accompanying each statement. Eleven different ways of classifying doctors according to training and experience were employed, and each of these eleven involved a plurality of groups. Altogether 906 groups were considered. The "Skepticism" questionnaire together with a "Personal Data" section to supply data for classifying according to training and experience were sent to the 2413 B.C. doctors registered by the B.C. College of Physicians and Surgeons. Of the 2413 sent, 1193 were returned. Chi-square comparisons were made in order to determine which groups of doctors were relatively "skeptical" or "naive" according to each of the eighteen questionnaire statements. The great majority of comparisons failed to show differences significant at the .05 level. Comparisons which were significant showed instances where groups of respondents were relatively "skeptical" or "naive"; these were the findings it was the purpose of this study to obtain. These findings were discussed with reference to the particular groups of doctors, and questionnaire statements involved. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce attributes of marketing communication in the area of pharmaceutical industry in the theoretical part. Practical part is focused on relationships between pharmaceutical branch and medical community, including ethical aspects of promotion in the Czech Republic with emphasis on keeping ethical principles.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse and compare trade-related aspects of patent protection in pharmaceuticals in China and India. The first chapter addresses the basic economic and legal models devoted to the impacts of intellectual property rights on the pharmaceutical industry in both developed and developing countries. The second chapter describes the development of patent protection in pharmaceuticals in China and in India. The Chapter Three focuses on a comparison of roles and patent strategies of research oriented and generic pharmaceutical companies on the Chinese and Indian markets. The fourth chapter is devoted to the issue of access to medicines in developing countries with emphasis on the role of China and India. Conclusions are drawn in the closing part which focuses on the summary of current issues.

The challenges that face MNPCs in making healthcare more affordable is a topic that is being increasingly researched. These companies face challenges such as pressure from governments around the world to lower their prices, stagnant growth in developed markets and the failing blockbuster business model. Turning to new markets, such as emerging markets, for growth will necessitate innovations in their business models. The aim of this research was to understand what business models will work in low-income patient markets, specifically in the South African base of the pyramid context. The investigation of four MNPCs through a case study methodology, allowed the exploration of their current business models and ambidexterity level. Two of the four MNPCs exhibited a purely exploitative business model and as such had very little penetration into the BOP segment. One of the four MNPCs demonstrated a few characteristics of ambidexterity, but applied mainly an exploitative model and had limited access to the BOP segment. One of the four companies implemented all of the characteristics of business models that are successful in entering BOP markets as well as a high level of correlation to the characteristics of ambidexterity. The result of this MNPC described was a successful entrance in the BOP segment. The review of the literature and the findings of this research show that MNPCs can adopt profitable business models to enter low-income markets that not only serve consumers at the base of the pyramid but also provide sustained business benefits to the MNPCs. The research study successfully achieved the research objectives and provides insights to stakeholders as to which strategies are effective when entering a low-income patient market and what are the elements that are missing from business models that are not successful. The research also highlighted institutional voids and barriers that are unique to the South African state health care system. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / zkgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

The effective integration of social media into the sales and marketing process for pharmaceutical companies can be complex. The complexity is further increased by the regulatory limitations (Code of marketing practice) within the industry as well as other considerations. This research explores some of these considerations and implications for social media integration. Further, the research determines the value of social capital as well as the process for social media engagement. The study surveyed three pharmaceutical companies in different stages of social media integration. A heterogeneous sample was selected to include diverse characteristics because the topic is still new within the pharmaceutical environment. A qualitative multiple case study method was selected which included interviews, direct observations and document reviews. Despite regulatory limitations, the findings provide insights for other industries with possible considerations for social media integration into sales and marketing. This is complemented by the Social Capital Theory that states that social media adds value. The issues of adverse event reporting and how to measure the return on investment remain a challenge. In conclusion, the engagement and management of social media processes is not easy to implement; therefore a four-phased process for social media engagement is proposed as a framework that allows easy integration. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / pagibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

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