The Calapooia River, a major tributary of the Willamette River in western Oregon, is a watershed typical of many found in the Willamette Basin. Public and private forested lands occur in the steep Upper Zone of the watershed, mixed forest and agriculture lands are found in the Middle Zone, and the Lower Zone of the watershed is comprised primarily of grass seed agriculture on relatively flat topography with poorly drained soils. High levels of dissolved nitrogen (DN) have been identified as a water-quality concern within the Calapooia River. To gain a better understanding of the relationship between landuse/landcover (LULC), soil drainage, and DN dynamics within the watershed on a seasonal basis, we selected 44 sub-basins ranging in size between 3 and 33 km² for monthly synoptic surface water-quality sampling from October 2003 through September 2004. We selected an additional 31 sample locations along the length of the Calapooia River to determine relative influence of the 44 sub-basins on DN concentrations in the river. T-tests were used to analyze differences between zones (Upper, Middle and Lower) and regression analysis was used to determine relationships between DN and LULC or soil drainage class. The agriculture-dominated sub-basins had significantly higher (< 0.05) DN concentrations than the predominantly forested sub-basins. Winter concentrations of nitrate-N were 43 times higher in agriculturally dominated sub-basins than in forested sub-basins, whereas in the spring, the difference was only 7-fold. High DN concentrations associated with the predominantly agriculture sub-basins were substantially reduced once they mixed with water in the Calapooia River, highlighting the likelihood that water draining the relatively nutrient-poor, forested sub-basins from the Upper Zone of the watershed, was diluting DN-rich water from the agriculture sub-basins. Relationships between DN and agriculture, woody vegetation or poorly drained soils were moderate to strong (0.50 < R² > 0.85) during the winter, spring and summer seasons. Results indicated an exponential increase in DN concentration when proportion agriculture or poorly drained soils increased, whereas an increase in woody vegetation was related to an exponential decrease in DN concentration. The high variability in DN concentration in the agriculture-dominated sub-basins suggests factors in addition to LULC and poorly drained soils influence DN in surface water. Seasonal relationships were developed between DN and proportion of poorly drained soils, agriculture, and woody vegetation at differing scales (10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 60 m, 90 m, 150 m, 300 m, and entire sub-basin), which we defined as Influence Zones (IZs), surrounding the stream network. Correlations between DN and proportion LULC or poorly drained soil at each IZ were analyzed for significant differences (p-value < 0.05) using the Hotelling-Williams test. Our results show strong seasonal correlations (r > 0.80) between DN and proportion of woody vegetation or agriculture, and moderate-to-strong seasonal correlations (r > 0.60) between DN and proportion of sub-basins with poorly drained soils. Altering scale of analysis significantly changed correlations between LULC and DN, with IZs < 150 m generally having higher correlations than the sub-basin level. In contrast, DN correlations with poorly drained soil were generally higher at the sub-basin scale than the 60- through 10-m IZs during winter and spring. These results indicate that scale of analysis is an important factor when determining relationships between DN concentration and proportion LULC or poorly drained soils. Furthermore, seasonal shifts in significant differences among IZs for correlations between LULC and DN suggest land management proximity and its influence on DN concentration changes temporally. DN relationships with poorly drained soil suggest that during winter and spring, when rainfall is highest, sub-basin scale soil drainage properties have a greater influence on DN than soil properties within IZs in close proximity to the stream network. / Graduation date: 2006

End scrapers were an "all purpose" tool that have been associated with processes such as planing or shaving vegetal resources, shaping bone or antler implements, and to render hide into usable fabric. Examining end scrapers from four different archaeological sites on the North Umpqua River of southwestern Oregon provided interesting data regarding the use of these tools over time. Each site consists of at least one, or several, occupational components providing an opportunity to compare similarities and differences between sites. Analyses rely in part on the comparison of multi-dimensional characteristics, or allometry, of the stone tools. Statistically, the relationship between the length of an end scraper and its thickest point has been previously suggested to be demonstrative of the original size of the tool. A similar conclusion was acquired during this analysis, which then sought to determine if a discard ratio for each site could be established based on the length and edge angle of the end scrapers. The discard ratio was originally thought to represent a reflection of functional efficiency, differential resource processing, or material availability. A bulk analysis of material types from the overall assemblages and a comparison of end scraper composition suggested intensive use of obsidian, the non-local material. Overall, trends could not be demonstrated using the discard ratio to represent the degree of use as end scrapers size depends on lithic technology, material availability, and perhaps a specific need. Perhaps the most intriguing outcome of this study relates to the individual Middle Archaic component at the Meg's Keep site. Based on the large obsidian artifact assemblage, this site is thought to have been a task specific location and that the large number of end scrapers recovered were manufactured elsewhere and imported to the site. Comparing end scrapers at each site suggested that Type 1 scraper (≥7.5 mm) may be an indicator of curation. The analyses indicate that Type 1 CCS end scrapers at Canton Creek, Dry Creek, and Boulder Confluence out-numbered Type 3 scrapers 20 to 4. In contrast, the large number of end scrapers at Meg's Keep had a total of 9 Type 1 end scrapers. From the above data, Type 1 and Type 3 end scrapers appear to be a direct result of the availability of raw material and potentially an indicator of curation. / Graduation date: 2005

This thesis examined the influence of fall-spawning coho salmon on the density, growth rate, body condition, and survival to outmigration of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska. During the fall of 1999 and 2000 fish rearing in ponds that received spawning salmon were compared to ponds that did not receive spawners, and to ponds that were artificially enriched with salmon carcasses and eggs. Juvenile coho salmon responded variably to fall-spawning salmon. There were no consistent patterns associated with the two naturally occurring pond types (spawning vs no spawning). In some ponds, fall-spawning salmon increased growth rates and improved the body condition of juvenile coho salmon. Enrichment with salmon carcasses and eggs significantly increased growth rates of fish in non-spawning ponds. For some ponds, the relative influence of spawning and enrichment on body condition depended on fish size. There was no evidence that the influence of fall-spawning resulted in greater smolt production. Fall-spawning salmon provide important food resources that can benefit juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta. However, other factors such as nutrients from riparian vegetation and catchment characteristics that control hydrology and thermal regimes are important to coho salmon smolt production. / Graduation date: 2004

Rotating wheat with other crops is a common practice in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. Depending upon previous crop and soil type, current N fertilizer recommendations for wheat in the Willamette Valley vary widely. Excessive fertilizer poses environmental risk, whereas lower N inputs than required by the crop represent economic losses to growers. Growers and their advisors face the challenge to minimize the environmental risk, and at the same time to maintain or increase economic returns. Questions are often raised concerning the efficient use of N fertilizer and accurately predicting the amount of N needed by wheat following different crops. The first study measured growth, N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of winter wheat grown after either a legume or oat for three years. In all three growing seasons, winter wheat showed higher biomass, N uptake and NUE when grown after a legume than after oat. The contribution of legume was evident before the wheat was fertilized in spring, indicating that legume N had mineralized in fall or winter. Contribution of soil N to wheat suggested that fertilizer N can be reduced by 44 kg N ha����� if a legume is grown previously. Nitrogen use efficiency estimated 50 to 70 days after N application by isotopic method (24 to 94%) was comparable with that estimated simply by difference (21 to 94%) at the same time. The second study predicted gross mineralization rates using analytical models. Comparable N mineralization was predicted by a model assuming remineralization and a model assuming no remineralization, suggesting that remineralization was negligible. In the spring, mineralization-immobilization turnover was at a lower pace than expected in both rotations. In two growing seasons, gross mineralization rates were higher where the previous crop was legume (0.37 to 0.74 kg����� ha����� day�����) as compared to where oat was grown previously (0.14 to 0.6 kg����� ha����� day). Negative net mineralization indicated that fertilizer N was immobilized in the oat-wheat rotation. The third study evaluated calibration and digestion techniques used to determine elemental concentration in grasses. Use of a dry ashed standard to calibrate the ICP spectrometer generated highly variable calibration curves and was not a viable calibration method. Good agreement was found between chemical and microwave digested standards. Dry ashing resulted in considerable S and Mn losses, whereas, perchloric acid digestion and microwave digestion showed similar results. Our study suggests that if routine analysis are to be performed for macro nutrients or involve trace level work, the best method is microwave digestion with chemical standard calibration of ICP spectrometer. / Graduation date: 1999

Graduation date: 1998

I monitored demography, movement, and reproductive behavior of gray-tailed voles, Microtus canicaudus, in experimental habitat patches with and without corridors. I tested the hypotheses that reproductive rate, juvenile recruitment, and population size and growth rate would be affected negatively by immigrants that were introduced to resident groups (+ male and + female treatments). I hypothesized that "strangers" would commit infanticide thus decreasing juvenile recruitment. Second, I determined if movement corridors facilitated dispersal among habitat patches, thus potentially increasing infanticide, but decreasing reproductive inhibition of opposite-sex relatives by allowing them to separate (corridor treatment). Experiments were conducted in 12 0.2 ha enclosures planted with alfalfa that was fragmented into four patches (each 156 m��) separated by 12.5 m of bare ground. Introduction of unfamiliar conspecifics did not adversely affect reproductive rate, juvenile recruitment, population size, density, or growth rate. Corridors facilitated dispersal movements with males moving more than did females; however, corridors did not result in an even distribution of animals in the four patches. Unconnected habitat patches resulted in female- rather than the typical male-biased dispersal and females dispersed at lower body mass than in controls. Males that did not disperse from their natal patch exhibited a slight delay in sexual maturation. I conclude that movement is deterred in patchy environments, enhanced with corridors, and differentially affects males and females. Behavioral factors that affect an individual's dispersal or reproductive pattern should be considered in landscape planning. / Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1996

Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of stream channels is the key feature of this system. Measurement of bankfull is used in the calculation of entrenchment ratio and width/depth ratio. Analysis of the differences of the averages between years in bankfull measurements showed that despite being consistently repeated at the same locations along the channel, the measurements were found to be different (p=0.000163 for entrenchment ratios and p = 0.0208 for width/depth ratios). Bankfull was found to be a non-repeatable field measure, therefore, a poor benchmark for a classification scheme. Historical information collected for the study area indicated a history of domestic livestock use that dates back as far as the mid-nineteenth century. Although grazed by livestock for several years, settlement of the Bear and Silvies Valleys occurred mostly around the turn of the twentieth century after the stockgrower's homestead acts were passed. Ownership today is dominated by large (relative to the homestead days) ranches. / Graduation date: 1996

Graduation date: 1995

This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. / Graduation date: 1999