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Putin's military forces invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022, sparking a renewed academic interest in Russia's current regime. Several scholars suggested that a critical period in the construction of the current regime occurred between 1999-2013 during Putin's first two presidencies followed by the Medvedev presidency. This is when the basic institutions of the current Russian political system were changed to recentralize state authority and prevent Russian Federation from looming disintegration. One such institution was the budgetary process. Signed into law in 1998, Russian Budget Code established how funds were disbursed from the "center" to the federal "subjects" and other entities. Many scholars have pointed out that one specific mechanism, namely "Intergovernmental Transfers", can be used to achieve the political goals of a regime by rewarding supporters, swinging the competitive electoral districts, or appeasing the opposition or separatist regions. The goal of this dissertation to investigate under what conditions a non-democratic regime, like Russia, uses these strategies for political effect? Do those strategies change over time? In this work, I develop a basic theoretical framework outlining such conditions and test it using the municipal-level data gathered from the Russian Federal State Statistics Service and Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation.

Trends and patterns of cancer mortality in Kazakhstan in comparison with some selected European countries from 1986 to 2008 Abstract Cancer is the third leading cause of premature death in Kazakhstan. Every year more than thirty thousand Kazakhstani people are diagnosed with cancer. This master thesis tries to provide base for the cancer control programmes in Kazakhstan. It also analyses the changes of the mortality level and distribution by the most important groups of tumours for men and women. The most common types of cancer are lung, skin, breast and stomach. These four cancers combined account for over 44% of new cases of cancer. Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men accounting for nearly a quarter of cancer cases in men. Breast cancer is by far the most common cancer in women accounting for 20%. Cancer remains mainly a disease of older Kazakhstanis. The largest proportion of cancer deaths for both men and women were from lung cancer mainly caused by smoking. Deaths from cancers of the lung, stomach, breast and esophagus together accounted for almost a half (46%) of all cancer deaths. With an estimated ASMR 225.5 for males and 122.0 for females in 2008, cancer remains an important public health problem in Kazakhstan. The international comparison illustrates the differences in cancer mortality in...

This thesis deals with activities of the Intergovernmental Commission for Economic, Industrial and Scientific Cooperation between the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation, describes its real impact on Czech companies trading in the Russian Federation and analyzes the usefulness of the Intergovernmental Commission activities for Czech exporters who have already traded with Russian entities or who are planning to do so. The first section defines the institutional structure of the Intergovernmental Commission and its history. The following section is devoted to quantitative and qualitative research activities with their impact on business activities of Czech companies on the Russian market. The final part of the thesis on the Intergovernmental Commission analyzes its activities and proposes recommendations for streamlining.

The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the Russian Federation&rsquo / s military Policy in Central Asia in 1991-2001. My main concern in this point is to figure out what is Moscow&rsquo / s real intention behind establishing military ties with the Central Asian states and to what extent is Moscow successful in accomplishing this aim? Does the Russian Federation perceive direct threats to its security from Central Asia? My argument is that the Russian Federation does not perceive direct threats to its national security from the region rather she uses these threats to be the main actor in the region by using military means. Throughout the thesis first the shift in the Russian Federation&rsquo / s foreign policy course regarding the &lsquo / Near Abroad&rsquo / and its reflections on the basic security documents of the Russian Federation, second the threat perceptions of the Russian Federation in these regions, third reflections of this shift on Russia&rsquo / s bilateral military ties with these states and finally the role of the changing perception in the formation of regional collective security formations are to be analyzed.

In Czech history there always were the significant trade and political partners of Great Britain and Soviet Union or later Russia. Taking into account situation of Czech Republic on the border of two "different" Europes and historical transformation from socialistic past of CSSR in RVHP to entrance and active participation in European Union we can conclude that for Czech export oriented entrepreneurs the knowledge of these two different environments, trade traditions and cultural specifics is important.

This thesis writes about Russian Federal Budget situation from 2000 to 2007. Objektive of the thesis is description of budgetary procedure and responsibility for its budget adhering, analysis of revenues and expenses structure in particular years, trend in balance revenues and expenses from 2000 to 2007 and their influence on GDP and unemployment. There are used positivist and normative methodologies in the thesis - positivist metodology in first chapter about theory of budget procedure and normative metodology in second and third chapters about expenses and revenues and their dependence on macro-economic quantities. There is used deduction method from federal acts and budget codex in first chapter and in both second and third chapters there is used analysis method, especially analysis of causes and classificatory analysis.

Russian Federation is one of the biggest economies in the world. The main reason why this state has big influence on the world's economy is that it has great sites of energy resources-oil and gas. From the political point of view Russia can be described as a great military power that has nuclear weapons and also has a significant influence on the situation in the post-Soviet region. Russia is also the largest country in the world and is on the ninth position regarding the population. Already due to the above mentioned factors, the Russian Federation is certainly an interesting phenomenon.

There were several changes from the global point of view during last decades. The European Union has enlarged itself by more than half of new members and it represents the biggest area of free trade in the world. Political integration of this unique international organization has also taken a place by accepting new treaties. Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union overcame with the legacy of this empire and not only due to its geographical area is one of the world superpower now. The Balkans was from the historical view area of clashes between European powers and it is valid until now. The European Union has offered to Western Balkans countries full membership on behalf of Stabilisation and association agreement. On the other hand Russia expands its mainly economic interests with regional overlap and that's why the researched region swelled its geopolitical and geoeconomic significance. Thesis called "Balkans as geopolitical and geoconomic area between the European Union and Russian Federation" separated up to three connected parts. Theoretical and methodological part anchors thesis from theoretical perspective, presents operationalization of variables and defines the hypothesis. The most quantitatively extensive analytical part, which is divided into two parts, is focused on application of...