Methylene-butyrolactones are readily accessed by two methodologies based on a particular ene reaction. Both methodologies have been applied to the synthesis of the northern fragment of Polycavernoside. A reverse Julia reaction was used as the key step of a new methodology towards triene frameworks ; a mechanistic study revealed the unexpected role of triflic acid in the field of metal triflates catalysed acylation of alcohols, and a new tandem Brook rearrangement-allylation sequence was developed in the viewpoint of an improved total synthesis of Polycavernoside A.

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Despite the fact that a handover process is just as frequently performed as any development process, little is known about it. Still, it is regarded as one of the lifecycle processes that is not well explored and defined. In this paper, we study the handover process within eighteen companies with the purpose of demarcating its scope within software lifecycle. Our goal is to find out how industry understands handover process and how it places it within software lifecycle. As a result, we have identified seven different scope contexts for the handover process. We have also provided evidence of its wide lifecycle span and its overlap with development, predelivery and postdelivery maintenance processes. / © 2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Qc 20120223

This paper examines the partisan shift that took place in American Presidential elections during the Vietnam War. Specifically, I examine the landslide elections of 1964 and 1972 and how race, gender, and American casualties played a part in the shift.

In this work, we mostly concentrate on the hidden shift problem for non-injective functions. It is worthwhile to know that the query complexity of the non-injective hidden shift problem is exponential in the worst case by the well known bounds on the unstructured search problem. Hence, we can make this problem more tractable by imposing additional constraints on the problem. Perhaps the first constraint that comes to mind is to address the average case problem. In this work, we show that the average case non-injective hidden shift problem can be reduced to the injective hidden shift problem by giving one such reduction. The reduction is based on a tool we developed called injectivization. The result is strong in the sense that the underlying group can be any finite group and that the non-injective functions for which we have defined the hidden shift problem can have range in an arbitrary finite set. Using this tool, we simplify the main result of a recent paper by about the hidden shift problem for Boolean-valued functions by reducing that problem to Simon's problem. They also posed an open question which is subject to personal interpretation. We answer the seemingly most general interpretation of the question. However, we use our own techniques in doing so (the authors ask if their techniques can be used for addressing that problem). Another constraint that one can consider is to have a promise on the structure of the functions. In this work we consider the hidden shift problem for c-almost generalized bent functions. A class of functions which we defined that includes the generalized bent functions. Then we turn our attention toward the generalized hidden shift problem which is easier than injective hidden shift problem and hence more tractable. We state some of our observations about this problem. Finally we show that the average classical query complexity of the non-injective hidden shift problem over groups of form (Z/mZ)^n when m is a constant is exponential, which also immediately implies that the classical average query complexity of the non-injective hidden shift problem is exponential. We also show that the worst-case classical query complexity of the generalized injective hidden shift problem over the same group is high, which implies that the classical query complexity of the hidden shift problem is high.

The fiber alignment shifts induced by the post-weld-shift (PWS) in laser-welded TO(Transistor outline)-Can type laser module packages is studied experimentally and numerically. The PWS induced fiber alignment shifts were quantitatively determined by four geometrical parameters: the lateral shift(r), the position angle(£\), the tilt angle(£Z), and the swing angle(£c). The measured coupling powers in laser module packages before welding, after welding, and after a compensation clearly confirmed with the measured fiber alignment shifts determined by the dominant parameters of the r and £\ that the fiber shifts due to the PWS could be realigned back closer to their original optimum position after applying a welding compensation, and hence the coupling powers loss due to the PWS could be regained. The measured coupling efficiency after laser welding was from 68% to 95%, and the overall coupling efficiency after the PWS compensation was from 77% to 97%. The increased coupling efficiency after this PWS compensation was from 2% to16%. A coupled thermal-elasto-plasticity model of finite-element method (FEM) analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of PWS on fiber alignment shifts in laser module packages. The measured fiber alignment shifts determined by the dominant parameters of the r and £\ were in good agreement with the numerical calculation of the FEM analysis. In this study, the combination of the experimental and numerical results have significantly provided a practical design guideline for fabricating reliable laser-welded TO-Can type laser module packages with a high yield and high performance for use in low-cost lightwave transmission systems. A novel measurement and compensation technique employing a high-magnification camera with image capturing system (HMCICS) to probe the post-weld-shift (PWS) induced fiber alignment shifts in high-performance butterfly-type laser module packages is investigated. The results show that the direction and magnitude of the fiber alignment shifts induced by the PWS in laser-welded butterfly-type laser module packaging can be quantitatively determined and then compensated. The measured coupling powers in laser module packages after welding and compensation clearly confirmed the measured fiber alignment shifts determined by the translational and rotational parameters that the fiber shifts due to the PWS could be realigned back closer to their original optimum position after applying a welding compensation, and hence the coupling powers loss due to the PWS could be regained. The measured coupling efficiency after laser welding was from 63% to 79%, and the overall coupling efficiency after the PWS compensation was from 69% to 89%. The increased coupling efficiency after this PWS compensation was from 3% to 10%. In comparison with previous studies of the PWS compensation by a qualitatively estimated technique in butterfly-type laser module packages, this novel HMCICS technique has significantly provided an important tool for quantitative measurement and compensation to the effect of the PWS on the fiber alignment shifts in laser module packages. Therefore, the reliable butterfly-type laser modules with a high yield and a high performance used in lightwave transmission systems can be developed and fabricated.

Coral community at Tiaoshi in Nanwan Bay, southern Taiwan was originally dominated by branching Acropora corals which formed some monopolized patches. The community had been changed apparently on a local scale (<2 km) since 1994. Several Acropora patches were almost completely replaced by the solitary sea anemone Condylactis sp. after man-made and typhoon disturbances. However, sea anemones were apparently decreased in 2002. To understand the change of the benthic communities, three areas, including Anemone-dominated, Coral-recovery and Acropora-dominated, at depths of 6 to 10 m were selected and monitored by permanent transects from 2003 to 2005. Each site included three replicate patches. At Anemone-dominated area, the mean cover of sea anemone ranged from 24.6 to 15.3% and that of the hard corals was low with 1.4 to 3.9%. At Coral-recovery area, the mean cover of the hard corals was significantly increased from 21.3 to 38.9%, while macroalgae was significantly decreased from 20.7 to 6.1% and sea anemone was low with 1.4 to 3.0%. At Acropora-dominated area, the cover of the hard corals was ranged from 70.0 to 56.6% while macroalgae and anemone was 1.1 - 3.4% and 3.5 - 4.7%, respectively. In general, the results showed that anemone and macroalgae were decreased and corals were recovery. In addition, the diversity index of coral genera at Anemone-dominated area was higher due to coral recruitment in 2004 and 2005. The new recruits were dominated by Montipora stellata.

A novel technique by employing a capacitance displacement measurement system to measure the post-weld-shift (PWS) caused by laser welding in the butterfly-type laser diode module packaging process is proposed. Reduction of the PWS is an important issue in developing low-cost and high-performance semiconductor laser module. Prior to the reduction and compensation of the PWS, a measurement system of PWS must be constructed. In comparison to the high-magnification camera with image capturing system (HMCICS) limited in resolution of 0.07£gm due to its pixels, a measurement system with a higher resolution of 0.0254£gm is used. During the measurement procedure, the PWS of the ferrule probed by the sensors is converted into the fiber misalignment shifts. The coupling efficiency can be improved over 70% after compensation. The result indicates that the PWS can be qualitatively measured and quantitatively computed.

In this study, the capacitance displacement system (CDS) is employed to measure the post-weld-shift (PWS) induced by laser welding in butterfly type laser module package. The advantage of CDS is able to simultaneously and immediately measure the direction and the magnitude of PWS. Furthermore, with the aid of notch clip, the PWS can efficiently and quantitatively be compensated by laser hammering technique to regain the coupling power. Reduction of the PWS is an important issue in developing low-cost and high-performance laser modules. The package yield of laser modules can be imp roved due to the real-time measurement and quantitative compensation. In comparison with the high-magnification camera with image capturing system (HMCICS) having 0.7£gm resolution, the capacitance sensor achieves 25.4nm and 0.1£gm in its resolution and accuracy, respectively. Besides, during the package procedure, the real-time displacement detection can be used to adjust the package parameters. As a result, the PWS is reduced that contributes to less coupling power loss. After welding, the result reveals that the PWS was measured as X=0.15£gm and Y=-4.58£gm, while the coupling power is 43.19%.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Physics and Astronomy. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69) Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR38756